Literature Review (1)

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Running head: Literature Review Paper McWhirter Literature Review Isaic M. McWhirter VSU ADV Interpersonal Author Note First paragraph: Intro Second paragraph: Religion in Society Third paragraph: Religion in Place of Worship Fourth paragraph: Religion vs. Science Fifth paragraph: Change of Religion Sixth paragraph: Religious Conflicts in Adults Seventh paragraph: Religion in Relationships Final paragraph: Conclusion

Literature Review McWhirter Literature Review Religion can and has played a significant role when shaping the dynamics of interpersonal conflict. This review of interpersonal conflicts of religion will go over the friendships/relationships, current religions, age, and viewpoints. Many different interpretations of religion create tension when discussing the attacks and views on religion within the world today. When viewing religions there are many identities, practices, and affiliations, that can/may be the main points to the response of the interpersonal conflict in religions. Overall, this review aims at the main point of understanding why there is conflict in religion and the key points and themes within the conflicts. Yet, as well to help identify the problem and solution of the interpersonal conflict of religion. One of the journals written by Asmara called, “Religion and Cosmopolitan Society: Religious Conflict Settlement Based on Legal Culture”, gives a reminder about conflicts that are shown within religion. Asmara stated, “The differences between religious groups eventually lead to stereotyping of people of other religions (Jackson & Hunsberger 1999). Stereotyping triggers negative views of other religious groups, resulting in repressive efforts against other groups, such as invasions of houses of worship and prohibition of religious rituals. Examples include the destruction of churches in Aceh, and the attack on the Ahmadi mosque in Kalimantan.”(Par 5 of Religion and Cosmopolitan Society: Religious Conflict Settlement Based on Legal Culture). Asmara gives a reminder that there are many different views and stereotypes towards different if not all religions. These stereotypes about religions can create many different feelings within people, such as fear, anger, disgust, and many more. All these feelings occur because one or

Literature Review McWhirter many people cause one problem or incident in the name of their religion. A great example of these stereotypes and feelings would be the attack of September 9th, 2001. On September 9th, 2001, a terrorist group named the Al-Qaeda carried out the attack on that day. The current group religion is known as Muslims. Since that terrible day, people have put a different viewpoint on Muslims what they stand for, and what a few of those religious beliefs did to hurt millions. Overall, with that day and event that happened only a few people were able to change the view of Muslims for all making it a conflict for that religion. This shows that a religion in itself can cause interpersonal conflict among all religious followers. Another Interpersonal conflict of religion that may occur is inside a place of religion and worship. In a journal written by Breen called, “Interpersonal, Intragroup Conflict between Southern Baptist Pastors: A Qualitative Inquiry Examining Contributing Factors.” This journal goes on a give a reminder of conflict that can occur in the Southern Baptist Church. “This qualitative study not only explores the interpersonal, intragroup conflict between three pastors (one head pastor and two associate pastors) in one Southern Baptist church in the Southwestern portion of the USA, it also examines interview comments from Southern Baptist pastors of other churches, so-called “Outside Pastors,” to understand the reasons why pastoral conflict occurs. In the discussion, studies of intragroup conflict, particularly those related to pastoral conflict, serve as a foundation to better describe and explain pastoral conflict.” ( Par 9 of Interpersonal, Intragroup Conflict between Southern Baptist Pastors: A Qualitative Inquiry Examining Contributing Factors.) Breen Journal goes on a remind people that conflict can easily occur within the church, especially between pastors or main religious leaders. Within the church, there can be many disagreements between members and staff. Yet, this journal mainly focuses on the three pastors having a disagreement with one another on how to run the church or solve a

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Literature Review McWhirter problem that could be occurring. While these pastors are having these disagreements one of the pastors goes to an outsider source for help on how the problem should be handled. Which is giving other outside sources of discommunity within the church causing more conflict with rumors or talks going around. With these conversations and problems going around members of the church will then start to choose sides with the pastor making there be conflict between church members. Overall, the journal shows some of the best examples of interpersonal conflict in religion with communication being the source of the problem with talks going around the church and the community. Science is one of the main and/or most significant parts of interpersonal conflict in religion because of all the debate that can occur. A Scientific Study of Religion journal written by Evans called, “Epistemological and Moral Conflict Between Religion and Science” stated “Assumptions about the cause of conflict between religion and science also figure prominently in a number of sociological research fields. Many studies of religion and social stratification find that being a member of certain religious traditions results in lower educational attainment, less income and wealth, and other negative outcomes (Sherkat 2009:2). The assumption is that people from certain religious traditions tend to avoid education partly because of an epistemological conflict between religion and science. This is one of a set of related assumptions that should be examined more closely” (Par 2 of Epistemological and Moral Conflict Between Religion and Science). In Evan’s journal, he goes on about how if a person believes and follows the religious path those people will become less important and wealthy in life. Yet, if a person follows the world/science it may help give a person a better viewpoint of how to live life and become more than they ever wanted in life and they can have power, wealth, fame, whatever a person would want in life. Overall, this can become a conflict in the way people may communicate with one

Literature Review McWhirter another because of their own beliefs. Religious people may come off as saying if a person wants to gain wealth and power they need to give their life up and follow this religion. Yet, a person who believes in science may argue back and say, that religion holds a person back from what they truly can become in this world, science is the future and people need to join this path to become much more. Another review point of a journal created by Melamed, titled “Choosing Judaism: Clinical and Cultural Considerations for Jewish Conversion” speaks on the back leashes of a person who goes through a new conversion of religious beliefs. Those who convert to Judaism face concerns related to ethnic/religious identity transformation, inclusion/acceptance, family/interpersonal conflicts, as well as the adoption of historical oppression. Clinicians require additional competency for working effectively with this population.” (Par 1 of Choosing Judaism: Clinical and Cultural Considerations for Jewish Conversion). This article gives a great example of interpersonal conflict of religion by speaking on people's viewpoint of when a person follows one religion and then the next day believes in a completely different belief the next. The conflicts a person may deal with are the thoughts and words their friends and family will have to say towards them and about them. There will be times when family and friends will support this person in their lives. Yet, most of the time there will be times when they will turn their backs on that person all because they believe in something completely different. In the end, the review that is shown is people can easily have a hard time accepting this new change with close ones in their lives. That is why most of the time there can be conflict between people because of the new beliefs and people not wanting to see this change and/or want to make people believe what they believe.

Literature Review McWhirter When it comes to conflict in the world adults are mainly the ones who are responsible for actions that take place. In a journal written by Pratt titled, “Reflections on Religion: Aging, Belief Orthodoxy, and Interpersonal Conflict in the Complexity of Adult Thinking about Religious Issues.” This journal gives a great review of why grown adults are known to be the number one problem of interpersonal conflicts of religion. Pratt goes on to say, “ It has been suggested that the quality of older adults' social reasoning is hampered by increasingly rigid and dogmatic approaches to information gathering and problem solving (e.g.. Christoph and Li 1985). Such difficulties might be especially noteworthy in the domain of religion, where more "dogmatic" approaches might be particularly salient. On the other hand, it has also been suggested that some older adults might attain more sophisticated understandings of moral and religious phenomena through reflection on life experiences (e.g.. Kohlberg 1973; Shulik 1979).” (Par 1 of Reflections on Religion: Aging, Belief Orthodoxy, and Interpersonal Conflict in the Complexity of Adult Thinking about Religious Issues). Adults are typically the main reason why conflict may occur within religious belief. They want to believe that their belief is correct and no other one can or will be correct. Adults will start arguments or debates with one another and give a view or message that people will dislike. It is one-way people can scare off others from religion that are trying to be shared with but become afraid because of the conflicts. In conclusion, adults go and push their religious beliefs on people way too harshly and put a point towards people to cause conflict with one another when communicating. The final journal being reviewed is written by Skellern. This journal is titled, “Assessment of the Perceived Importance of Religion in Couple Relationships in Christians, Muslims, Buddhists, and the Nonreligious” which goes over the conflict between religion and another religion. Skellern goes on to say, “Couple relationship standards (beliefs about what

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Literature Review McWhirter makes for a satisfying couple relationship) have not included standards held about religion, which is surprising given how important religion is in many parts of the world.”(Par 1 of Assessment of the Perceived Importance of Religion in Couple Relationships in Christians, Muslims, Buddhists, and the Nonreligious). The journal goes on and talk about two couples and their two different religious beliefs. Typically what goes on when there are two different beliefs is one would want to do that is part of their religion, while the other would go on and not want to be apart because it is not what they believe. A great example would be holiday beliefs. One couple is Christian and celebrates Christmas, while the other is Jewish and celebrates Hanukkah. The couple may get into a conflict debating on which one they should celebrate more or one does not want to celebrate the other holiday because it is not of their beliefs. Overall, the main review point is to understand there can be a conflict between those who do not agree with one another because of the different beliefs in religion they may have. In conclusion, this literature review of Interpersonal Conflicts of Religion was to give a reminder of the relationships, viewpoints, and communication people can have with another person. As shown religion can become a source of conflict through one's actions, understanding, or beliefs. There are many disagreements when it comes to religion with one person believing this and the other believing in something else. The main point is to cover the actions of the conflict that may or has occurred within peoples’ lives. In summary, the interpersonal conflict of religion gives mixed feelings and understanding to people because of what their beliefs may be and how others may come across them.

Literature Review McWhirter Sources Asmara, Teddy. “Religion and Cosmopolitan Society: Religious Conflict Settlement Based on Legal Culture”, ebscohost.com, Cosmopolitan Civil Societies: An Interdisciplinary Journal. 2022, Vol. 14 Issue 3, p46-60. 15p.{PDF File}. Accessed 27 October 2023 Breen, Gerald-Mark. “Interpersonal, Intragroup Conflict between Southern Baptist Pastors: A Qualitative Inquiry Examining Contributing Factors.” ebscohost.com, Pastoral

Literature Review McWhirter Psychology. Jan2008, Vol. 56 Issue 3, p249-268. 20p. 1 Chart. {PDF File.} Accessed 27 October 2023 Evans, John H. “Epistemological and Moral Conflict Between Religion and Science”, ebscohost.com, Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 2011 Dec 01. 50(4), 707-727. {PDF File}. Accessed 27 October 2023 Melamed, Lauren. “Choosing Judaism: Clinical and Cultural Considerations for Jewish Conversion.” ebscohost.com, Counseling & Values. 2022, Vol. 67 Issue 1, p1-22. 22p. {PDF File.} Accessed 27 October 2023 Pratt, Michael W. “Reflections on Religion: Aging, Belief Orthodoxy, and Interpersonal Conflict in the Complexity of Adult Thinking about Religious Issues” ebscohost.com, Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 1992 Dec 01. 31(4), 514-522. {PDF File.} Accessed 27 October 2023 Skellern, Sarah K. “Assessment of the Perceived Importance of Religion in Couple Relationships in Christians, Muslims, Buddhists, and the Nonreligious.” ebscohost.com, Family Process (FAM PROCESS), Mar2022; 61(1): 326-341. (16p). {PDF File.} Accessed 27 October 2023

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Literature Review McWhirter

Literature Review (1)

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