Psych 101 M9E

1. What is your reaction to watching the video on a psychotic episode in a person with schizophrenia? How does what you saw and heard compare with your thoughts about this disorder prior to watching the video? 2. An individual diagnosed with Schizophrenia abruptly starts rhyming entire conversations. What symptom is he presenting with? a. Clang associations 3. Today, ECT is primarily used to treat severe a. Depression 4. This personality disorder is characterized by extreme emotional impulsivity: a. Borderline PD 5. True or false? A parent should get his child checked for autistic spectrum disorder if his infant doesn’t respond with a smile by 3 months old. a. False 6. Describe in detail the negative health consequences of Anorexia Nervosa a. Anorexia Nervosa can lead to severe health consequences, including malnutrition, cardiovascular problems, bone density loss, hormonal imbalances, neurological issues, and even death if left untreated. 7. Eating disorder characterized by obsession with food and weight and possible purging behaviors. It often coexists with depression and anxiety disorders a. Bulimia nervosa 8. [answer1] are false sensory experiences. a. Hallucinations 9. Name two symptoms of mania. a. Elevated mood and increased energy 10. True or false? Someone with Bipolar Disorder can be depressed for months a. True 11. Describe social anxiety disorder. What are its core features? What do people with this disorder fear the most? a. Someone is extremely afraid of social situations because they worry that others will judge them negatively or make fun of them. People with this disorder fear embarrassment and try to avoid these situations, even though it can disrupt their lives

12. [answer1] is a disorder in which someone becomes obsessed with a perceived physical defect on his or her body. a. Body dysmorphic disorder 13. Compare and contrast Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa in detail. In your answer, be sure to compare and contrast the disorders in terms of: 1. core features 2. causes 3. age of onset 4. who is most likely to develop these disorders 5. treatment Core Features: ● Anorexia: Severe calorie restriction, low body weight, and fear of gaining weight. ● Bulimia: Binge eating followed by compensatory behaviors (e.g., vomiting). Causes: ● Both have genetic and environmental factors, but anorexia is often linked to control issues and perfectionism, while bulimia is associated with emotional triggers and a history of dieting. Age of Onset: ● Anorexia usually starts in adolescence or early adulthood, while bulimia often begins in late adolescence or early adulthood. Who Is Most Likely to Develop These Disorders: ● Both can affect males and females, with a family history of eating disorders being a risk factor for both. Treatment: ● Anorexia treatment includes medical stabilization, nutritional rehabilitation, and psychotherapy. ● Bulimia treatment focuses on psychotherapy, medication for mood disorders, and nutritional counseling. What do clinical psychologists study? How do clinical psychologists differ from psychiatrists? Mental disorders and the treatment of mental disorders. The main difference between clinical psychologists and psychiatrists is that psychiatrists are medical doctors who can prescribe medication, while clinical psychologists cannot. A. What is the basic problem in depressive disorders?

What is the difference between obsessions and compulsions? Obsessions are repetitive unwanted thoughts, whereas compulsion are repetitive unwanted behaviors that someone does in response to the thoughts. What do the “related disorders” in the Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Related Disorders category have in common? they all involve compulsive behaviors. Many of them also include obsessive thoughts that are tied to the compulsive behaviors. How might you respond to someone who jokingly describes themselves as “so OCD”? I might respond by saying that OCD is a serious mental health issue, not just about being neat or organized. It's important to understand the real challenges faced by those with OCD. A. Describe dissociative identity disorder. B. What is one explanation of what DID exactly is? A. Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) involves multiple distinct personality states or identities within one person. B. DID may develop as a coping mechanism to deal with severe trauma, allowing the individual to detach from traumatic experiences. What is a trauma? A frightening event that you experience or witness. A. What are the symptoms of PTSD? B. What are some factors that may make someone more likely to develop PTSD? A. PTSD symptoms fall under four clusters: Re-experiencing the traumatic event, avoidance of reminders of the event, negatively changed mood and cognitions as a result of the event, and hyperarousal symptoms. B. Risk factors include prior childhood trauma, family history of PTSD, personal history of abuse, history of depression and anxiety, lack of support

What is schizophrena? What are typical categories of symptoms? Schizophrenia is a mental disorder characterized by distorted thinking, emotions, and perceptions. Typical categories of symptoms include positive symptoms (hallucinations, delusions), negative symptoms (lack of emotion, motivation), and cognitive symptoms (disorganized thinking, trouble focusing). How does the diathesis-stress model help us understand schizophrenia? There is a genetic predisposition or risk for developing schizophrenia, but it will only develop if sufficient environmental stressors are in place. Sometimes people confuse the diagnoses of schizophrenia and dissociative identity disorder. What would you highlight as key differences? Dissociative identity disorder is a break in personality, schizophrenia is a break from typical sensory and processing experiences. What is narcissistic personality disorder? An individual is obsessed with herself and has an exaggerated sense of her own importance. What are some of the key symptoms of autism spectrum disorder? difficulties with social communication and interaction, repetitive behaviors or restricted interests, sensory sensitivities, and challenges in understanding and responding to social cues. List some key symptoms of ADHD. Difficulty paying attention, difficulty keeping still, talkativeness, problems following through on tasks, hyperactivity, impulsivity What domains are considered when assessing the adaptive functioning of someone with intellectual disability? Social, language, conceptual, independence, school/work functioning. What are the differences between overeating and binge-eating disorder? Overeating is occasional excessive food consumption, while binge-eating disorder is a diagnosed condition with recurring episodes of uncontrollable overeating. Compare and contrast anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa.

■ Requires individuals to have a major depressive episode for at least two weeks ● Occurs most of the day, nearly every day throughout this period ■ Includes at least five of the nine symptoms ● Depressed mood.irritability ● Decreased interest.pleasure in activities ○ Anhedonia ● Changes in eating behaviors ● Changes in sleep patterns ● Changes in activity levels ○ Psychomotor agitation or retardation ● fatigue ● Feelings of guilt ● Problems concentrating and making decisions ● Suicidal thoughts ○ Can range from mild to moderate to severe ■ Women twice as likely as men ● Possible explanations ○ Hormonal changes ■ Postpartum, perimenopause, and menopause ○ Women likely to dwell on their problems ■ Ruminations makes them more upset over time ○ Women lead stressful lives, and stress can trigger mental disorders ○ Women likely to seek help for depression ○ Additional depressive disorders include depressive disorder, disruptive mood dysregulation disorder, and premenstrual dysphoric disorder ○ Depressive disorders are caused by a mix of biological, social, and cognitive issues ■ Some individuals may be biologically predisposed to depressive disorders ■ Predisposing factors include • Genetics, structural differences in the brain, and chemical irregularities ■ What sets off these factors may be social events in the individuals life like relationship changes, stress, or trauma ■ Bipolar Disorder and Related Disorders ● Those with bipolar disorders experience two poles ○ Depression and mania

● Depressive symptoms match those of depressive disorders, but bipolar disorders, mania is an additional feature ● Mania ○ Excessive excitement and elation ○ Far more extreme than simply feeling very happy ○ People often feel supremely confident ○ Last for about a week in order to be diagnosed ○ Individual comes down from this high and enters a depressive phase ○ Different diagnostic subtypes exists to differentiate between very different experiences of bipolar disorder ○ Full manic episode ■ Feeling of euphoria ■ Inflated self-esteem ■ Risky behaviors ■ Racing thoughts ■ Talking very rapidly ■ Decreased need for sleep ■ Very goal-directed behaviors and increased activities overall ■ Distractibility ○ Hypomania ■ Less severe for ● Men and women seem to experience the same rates of Bipolar Disorders ○ Some may experience psychosis, or break with reality ● Bipolar disorders have a strong genetic component and may run in families ○ Treatment leans toward medical interventions, and lithium and Antidepressants Anxiety Disorders and Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders ● Anxiety Disorders ○ Most commonly diagnosed disorder in DSM ○ Characterized by anxiety ○ Panic Disorder ■ Individual has panic attacks, in which waves of panic come with little to no warning ■ Some become afraid to go out in public for the fear of having an

■ Trichotillomania ● Hair pulling ■ Excoriation ● Skin picking Dissociative Disorders and Trauma- and Stressor Related Disorders ● Dissociative Disorders ○ A person's personality becomes fragmented or detached in some way ○ Dissociative Identity Disorder DID ■ Most famous type ■ Multiple personality disorder ■ NOT Schizo ■ Various personalities take turns holding the person's consciousness or awareness ● Some may be aware of one other, but others may not be ■ First highly publicized DID case ● Eve White ○ Sought therapy for her headaches and blackouts ○ Told therapists she had been hearing voices ○ One session she introduced herself as Eve Black ■ Gestures, voice, and mannerisms were different ○ As many as 21 alternate personalities, or alters ○ Almost exclusively, DID has been experience by women, many sexually abused ○ Some explanations ■ Fractured ego is trying too hard to keep unwanted thoughts from becoming conscious

○ Individual has learned to behave according to various personalities ■ Personalities are learned behaviors that can be unlearned ○ Individuals are frauds, merely calling attention to themselves ■ Trauma and Stressor Related Disorders ● Brought on by a stressor, or an environmental stimulus that is experienced directly, witnessed, or experienced indirectly ● After traumatic events, a certain portion of individuals experiencing the event will display PTSD symptoms ● Number of predictors have been identified to describe who is likely to experience these symptoms ○ Prior history of trauma ■ Rape, assault, abuse, domestic violence ○ Prior exposure to life-threatening situations ○ Prior significant illness ● People can develop PTSO without directly experiencing a traumatic event Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders and Personality Disorders ● Schizophrenia ○ Split mind ○ Not the personality that is split, but the mind or thought patterns ○ A psychotic disorder involving distortions in thoughts, perceptions, or emotions ● Psychotic ○ Losing touch with reality ● Schizophrenia Spectrum ○ Long held view that Schizo is a conglomeration of a variety of psychotic conditions rather than a unified disorder ○ Huge amount of variety in types of symptoms that various people with Schizo experience ■ Have debilitating symptoms that they cannot engage in their own self care ○ Not all people experience hallucinations ● Some people show symptoms primarily in one of these categorizes ○ Positive symptoms are schizophrenic symptoms that are added to an individual ■ Involve behaviors and experiences that persons without schizo do not have ■ Delusions ● False beliefs, such as the belief that one was abducted by aliens ■ Hallucinations ● False sensory experiences, such as hearing voices

○ Lack of conscience and concern for others

Neurodevelopmental and Feeding and Eating Disorders ● Neurodevelopmental Disorders ○ Disorders that are present early in life and stem from problems with neural development ■ Normal growth of neurons in the brain ■ Can arise due to physical trauma to the brain, exposure to infectious diseases, toxins, nutritional issues prenatally, or genetics ○ Autism Spectrum Disorder ■ Two primary components ● Deficits in social communication and social interaction ● Restricted repetitive behaviors, interests, and activities ○ Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder ■ Show some combination of issues with paying attention, impulsive behavior, and hyperactivity ■ Developmental appropriateness ● Family seeking diagnosis should first look at examples of appropriate behavior across the lifespan to gauge whether the symptoms of ADHD or simply acting their age ○ Intellectual Disability ■ Lower than average IQ and also have deficits in adaptive functioning ■ Domains include communication, social skills, conceptual skills, independence, and school/work functioning ● Feeding and Eating Disorders ○ Typically begin between adolescence and early adulthood ○ Considered to be mental disorders due to significant psychological factors predicting the onset and continuance of these behaviors ■ Example ● Binging behaviors ○ Significant stress, impairment, and possibly compensatory behaviors that somewith with an eating disorder may engage in may translate into severe medical problems ● Anorexia Nervosa ○ Fatal if left untreated ○ Two types of Anorexia Nervosa ■ Subtype 1 ● Restricting type ● Individual does not engage in either binge eating or purging behavior ○ Instead, weight loss occurs due to diet and exercise ■ Subtype 2

■ Drugs used to treat the chemical imbalance that might be present in some depressed individuals ■ Targets neurotransmitters ■ Thought to increase availability of dopamine or serotonin or other neurotransmitters in order to elevate mood ○ Anxiety Disorders may also be treated using Drugs ■ Antidepressants and anti-anxiety medications ● Anti anxiety has more severe side effects than most antidepressant and may overly-sedate people ■ Psychotherapy is another option for anxiety ● Electroconvulsive therapy ECT ○ Used to treat extreme depression ○ High voltage shocks elicit a seizure that may affect the brain and offer individuals a reprieve from depression ● Behavioral Therapy ○ Success in treating phobias and other anxiety conditions ○ Individuals must confront their fears either by imagining them or actually experiencing a mild form of these features ■ Known as aversive or exposure therapy ● Schizo can be treated using medication and psychotherapy ○ Antipsychotic medication ○ Cognitive-behavioral therapy ● Drug therapy generally works quicker ● Combining drug and psychotherapy is effective, such as in treatments of affective disorder ● Other Psychotherapies ○ Psychodynamic therapies ■ Psychoanalysis ■ Modern day psychodynamic therapies focus on inner conflict and interpersonal relationships ○ Humanistic Therapies ■ Emphasize that individuals can choose to get well and that they simply need to be encouraged by therapists to reach their potential ○ Group therapies, family therapy, marital counseling ■ Involve more than one person coming in to see the therapist ● Misconceptions ○ Three Main ■ Drug therapy is a more successful treatment than Psychotherapy for Depression ● Equal effectiveness ● Prescription drug coverage is more available ● Availability issue ■ Drug treatment only affects neurotransmitter levels ● Still research on what is happening at a synaptic level ■ Drug treatments are safe and effective for all ages

● Concerns with certain populations such as the young old ● Unknown if equally safe for all genders, race, and age ● Not too much studies with particular populations ● Comorbidity