assignment 2 history and systems

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Texas A&M University, Kingsville *

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4323

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Psychology

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Dec 6, 2023

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docx

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1. What was the importance of Woodworth inserting an “O” between the “S” and the “R, when describing behavior? Woodworth described psychology as the study of behavior and mental processes, merging behaviorism and conventional psychology of consciousness. He was willing to include the qualities of numerous diverse systems. He pushed for an S-O-R model and was particularly critical of a straightforward, mechanical, stimulus-response psychology. He emphasized that psychologists needed to comprehend the stimulus and response as well as the organism (O) that causes the behaviors in response to the stimuli. This includes researching the factors that influence or drive an organism. He criticized those who would give a limited definition of psychology, using Titchener's structuralism and Watson's behaviorism as two examples. Woodworth suggested that it is crucial to research the motivational variables that influence behavior. 2. What was the significance of Woodworth’s “Columbia bible,” and what distinctions did he make in the book that continue to be in use today? His Experimental Psychology, which is more significant for research psychologists, helped to define the term "experiment." The 1938 text by Woodworth covered a wide range of subjects, including memory, transfer of training, learning from mazes, response speed, hearing, visual perception, and thinking. In 1938, teachers taught students the protocols for every subject and issue. They also picked up on several distinctions that would later significantly impact psychologists. In experimental research, his "Columbia bible" established the boundaries between experimental and correlational research and independent and dependent variables. Before Woodworth, the word "experiment" had been used to describe various techniques, including analyzing a mental event, administering a mental exam, and observing under carefully monitored conditions. On the other hand, Woodworth tightened the concept and distinguished experimental research from what he called correlational research. The experimental technique was distinguished by manipulating a factor central to the study, which Woodworth referred to as an independent variable. This variable would affect some measure of behavior, referred to as the dependent variable. Woodworth was the first psychologist to use these terms in this way, although he did not create them. 3. How did Thorndike describe the process by which cats escaped the puzzle boxes? how did this illustrate the laws of effect and exercise? Thorndike created systematic methods to evaluate claims about animal intelligence. He would examine multiple instances, repeat the tests, and regulate the animals' habitats and learning histories. Thorndike's approach was to put hungry animals in enclosures where they could escape easily by an act. Their actions and how long it took them to escape would be examined. Thorndike utilized 13 different cats in his puzzle boxes, and each cat had to have been tested in at least several boxes. The cats' actions at first appeared random, such as attempts to escape by biting or scratching at the wood. The

successful reaction eventually came about by accident. The unsuccessful responses disappeared between trials. He thought the cat learned to link the stimuli in the boxes and successful escape reactions through this trial and error, which is why the successful one happened earlier. According to the Law of Exercise, repetition will strengthen the link between the stimulus condition and the reaction. The Law of effect refers to effective responses getting stronger, whereas those that are unsuccessful deteriorate. The Law of exercise is that practice strengthens the relationship between stimulus and response. 4. What was a carr maze and what was the importance of this apparatus? Carr established lifelong passions for two distinct subjects, which are maze learning and spatial perception. Additionally, the broader issue of maze standardization caught his attention. When maze learning research first began, because the mazes differed significantly from study to study, results frequently did not match. Carr perfected the issue by building a sort of maze that became known as the carr maze. Even though each maze had a distinctive solution, the number of options and the distance between each trail and dead end were always the same. Watson and Carr ultimately concluded that a series of related movements provided crucial clues in maze learning and running rather than visual cues. 5. Describe Titchener's version of introspection and explain why it was so important for introspectors to be highly trained. Be sure to work the concept of the stimulus error into your answer. The observers were to turn into experts in introspection, acting in a way that biases and memory issues should ideally vanish. The training was more than necessary to prevent what Titchener referred to as a stimulus error. A detailed introspective description would mention the shapes, colors, textures, movements present, and any associated images that came to mind. Doing this would help avoid stimulus error, which refers to naming the stimulus rather than the direct conscious experience. Breaking the experience into sections was another recommendation Titchener made to lessen the burden on the memory. His most crucial method was to develop introspective habit, which was what the skilled observer developed. An introspective habit and a reflective attitude must be deeply ingrained, making it possible to take written and mental notes while observing without interfering with consciousness. Titchener considered introspection as psychology's primary method and thought that introspections could only produce reliable results if they were well-trained and able to develop the habit of introspection.

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