Personality Theory Analysis

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Psychology

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Feb 20, 2024

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Allen 1 Personality Theory Analysis Personality Theory Analysis Melissa Allen Psychology 101 Maryville University

Allen 2 Personality Theory Analysis Personality Theory Analysis The individual assortments of behaviors, cognitions and emotional habits that emerge from biological and environmental factors are known as personality. While the perception of personality is not generally agreed upon, most explanations focus on motivation and interpersonal relationships with one's environment. Each individual has his or her own unique behavioral framework, which can attribute to the psychological part of personality. That said, there are different theories that have evolved from observing and examining personality. There are three specific types of theories, often speculated and discussed- psychodynamic theory, humanistic/trait theory, and social cognitive theory, with each possessing its own uniqueness to the world of behavioral studies. In order to understand personality theories, one of the most influential psychologists must be addressed- Sigmund Freud, who developed the idea of psychodynamic theory, in which these are “theories that view personality with a focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences.” (Myers & DeWall, 2018, p. 528) Additionally, his idea of psychoanalysis attempts at getting to attention what occurs at the unconscious or subconscious level. The focus in the psychoanalytic approach is more on the unconscious mind than the conscious mind. It is based on the essential idea that your accomplishments and actions are inclined to be impacted by past experiences rooted in your unconscious mind. (Ackerman, 2019) Freud started a very impactful study of how psychoanalysis. Freud also capitalized on what the “unconscious” was, saying our conscious awareness is literally the tip of the iceberg of the mind.

Allen 3 Personality Theory Analysis Freud also argued that there are interacting systems within the human mind- the id, the ego, and the superego. So, what are they? The id operates according to pure instinct, compulsion and need. “The id’s unconscious psychic energy constantly strives to satisfy the basic drives to survive, reproduce and aggress. The id operates on the pleasure principle ,” (Myers & DeWall, 2018, p. 530) in which the id will seek instantaneous fulfilment. The id has power behind it; however, the ego and superego also play pivotal roles. Cynthia Vinney, a writer for ThoughtCo, writes, “The ego operates from the reality principle , which works to satisfy the id’s desires in the most reasonable and realistic ways.” (Vinney, 2019) The ego is the “largely conscious, executive part of the personality that mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality.” (Myers & DeWall, 2018, p. 530) The ego encompasses our preconceptions, ideas, assumptions and memories, that are partly conscious. Finally, the superego is “the part of the personality that makes moral demands, that guides a person’s spiritual impulses, and that aims for perfection.” (GoodTherapy, LLC., " Superego ", 2015) What is interesting about the superego is that it is technically our “ethical” scope- our conscience . It regulates the ego. Freud’s ideas were logical, but to some they were outlandish. The superego consists of two constituents: the ideal of consciousness and the ideal of ego. The conscious is the part of the superego that forbids unacceptable behaviors and punishes when a person does something they shouldn't do with feelings of guilt. The ideal ego, or perfect self, contains the rules and standards of good behavior to which one ought to adhere. (Vinney, 2019) The superego is morality. Freud’s writings sparked massive discussion and examination. There were other theories developed around the idea of psychodynamic theory. In the 1960’s the uprising of immense behavioral psychology studies, there were many psychologists who believe in the humanistic

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Allen 4 Personality Theory Analysis theory. Humanistic theories see personality with the focus on how to evolve as a person. The traits of a human being are often examined and studied about how someone can apply his or her traits for personal growth. A famous name in this theory study is Abraham Maslow, who proposed that, “we are motivated by a hierarchy of needs. If our physiological needs are met, we become concerned with personal safety. If we achieve a sense of security, we then seek to love, to be loved, and to love ourselves.” (Myers & DeWall, 2018, p. 539) Maslow also believed that after this, we would seek higher and better versions of ourselves through self-actualization, and by self-transcendence, which are two very interesting concepts to dissect. Maslow describes the good life as one that is directed at self-actualization, the ultimate desire. Self-actualization takes place as you fulfill your abilities, doing the best you can. (Sze, " Maslow: The 12 Characteristics of a Self-Actualized Person ", 2017) According to Maslow, once humans basic primal, physiological demands are met, and self-esteem is achieved, one has understood his or her true self. He or she is able to understand who they are. With self- transcendence, it is to drive for the purpose beyond the self. How are these ideas speculated in psychology? Transcendence narrates the highest and most universal or all-inclusive levels of human cognition, interacting and referring to oneself, humanity, and the universe as ends, and bringing forth someone “beyond” the self. Humanistic approach to psychology is a component of psychodynamic studying; however, the final theory- social cognitive theory is also quite a huge part of the spectrum of study. Albert Bandura viewed behavior as “influenced by the interaction between people’s traits (including their thinking) and social context. Social-cognitive theorists believe we learn many of our behaviors either through conditioning or by observing and imitating others.” (Myers & DeWall, 2018, p. 551) Whatever humans believe to happen in a situation, results in the behavior

Allen 5 Personality Theory Analysis exuded, which explains the cognition part of the theory. Bandura also claimed that reciprocal determinism is a paradigm composed of three factors affecting behavior: the environment, the person, and behavior itself. According to this hypothesis, the behavior of an adult affects and is affected both by the social and personal characteristics. (Cherry, 2018) There are three aspects to reciprocal determinism- the behavior component, environmental factors, and internal personal feelings. This trifecta completes the theory housing all human needs into one. People choose their environments, many other personalities can affect how humans will respond to certain situations, and “our personalities help create situations in which we react.” (Myers & DeWall, 2018, p. 552) Personality gives human beings the breath of life in the psychological world. Everyone encompasses different traits to comprise who they really are. The aforementioned theories here are an explanation of what is manifested from the human mind to create personality. To recall, personality is the individual behavior, cognitive and emotional behaviors arising from biological and environmental factors. Each of these theories has some aspect of personality to examine. Every human has his or her own specific behavioral structure which may contribute to the personality's psychological part. That said, there are various hypotheses which have emerged from personality interpretation and examination, as explained here.

Allen 6 Personality Theory Analysis References: Ackerman, C. E. (2019, October 27). Psychoanalysis: A Brief History of Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory [2019]. Retrieved from https://positivepsychology.com/psychoanalysis/ Cherry, K. (2018, December 21). The 3 Factors of Reciprocal Determinism. Retrieved from https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-reciprocal-determinism-2795907 Mcleod, S. (2017). Theories of Personality. Retrieved February 24, 2020, from https://www.simplypsychology.org/personality-theories.html Myers, D. G., & DeWall, C. N. (2018). Psychology in modules (12th ed.). New York: Worth Publishers, Macmillian Learning. Superego. (2015, August 26). Retrieved from https://www.goodtherapy.org/blog/psychpedia/superego Sze, D. (2017, December 7). Maslow: The 12 Characteristics of a Self-Actualized Person. Retrieved from https://www.huffpost.com/entry/maslow-the-12-characteris_b_7836836 Vinney, C. (2019, February 28). Freud's Id, Ego, and Superego Explained. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/id-ego-and-superego-4582342

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