THE TEENAGE YEARS copy

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Khrishonda Pinkney June 3, 2022 As your child turns into a teenager, they will undergo many changes biologically, psychologically, and socially. Some of the social changes they experience would be expanding their social circle, social roles, and different types of peer pressure. The psychological changes they would go through are growth spurt, sexual development, and secondary sexual characteristic. Lastly, the biological changes they would not get adequate; their brain would undergo some changes. Teenagers face many changes socially. One of the changes they would face is expanding their social circles. Growing up, children mostly spend time with their family, but once they enter school, their social circle expands. Once they reach adolescence, their networks include team sports, student organizations, work, and other activities (HHS). Along with this, their social circles expand. Teenagers want to spend less time wither their families and may focus more on their friends. Not only whom they expand their social circle, but they would also expand their social roles. Younger people also develop a greater capacity to form stronger relationships with adults other than their families who may function as mentors. Teenagers can also experience brain, emotion, and body prime that take them on more complex social roles. Cognitive and emotional development work together to help adolescents have a deeper conversation and express their emotions better (HHS). Physical development signals that teenagers are becoming adults and may have roles, such as leadership positions in school, on a team, or in church (HHS). In addition, your teenager would also face peer pressure sometimes. Peer pressure gets a bad reputation. Some stereotypes about pressure stem from perceptions of delinquent and risky behaviors. These behaviors include sexual activities and substance abuse, which some teenagers think would earn them greater acceptance among their friends. Peer pressure can also be beneficial, and friendships can be largely positive. Certain peer groups practice cooperating, sharing, resolving conflicts, and supporting others. The accepted standards, or norms, of positive peer groups can help teenagers build relationship skills, hold favorable views of themselves, and be confident to take certain risks. Along with socially, your teenager would also go through a psychological change. The first thing that would grow will be their hands, then their arms, and lastly, their torso. Another thing would be their head and feet. Their head would grow a little bit after his feet. The growth of the head is preceded by the development of the ears, nose, and lips. The overall physical growth spurt results in 10-11 inches of added height and 50 to 75 pounds of increased weight (Lally & Valentine- French, 2019). Following the growth spurt, your teenager would also go through sexual maturity. Sexual changes are divided into two categories which are primary sexual characteristics and secondary sexual characteristics. Primary sexual characteristics are changes in the reproductive organs (Lally & Valentine-French, 2019). This includes the growth of the testes, penis, scrotum, and spermarche or first ejaculation of semen in males between the ages of 11 and 15. In females, the primary characteristics include

growth in the uterus and menarche or the first menstrual period. Secondly, they would go through secondary sexual characteristics. Secondary sexual characteristics are visible physical changes not directly linked to reproduction but signal sexual maturity. Sexual maturity in males includes broader shoulders and lower voices as the larynx grows. His hair would become coarser and darker, and there would be hair growing in the pubic area, under the armpits, and on his face. In females, their breasts would begin to develop around ten years old. This would usually take several years; her hips would also broaden, and pubic and underarm hair would grow and become darker and coarser. Lastly, they would get acne, an unpleasant consequence of the hormonal changes in puberty. Acne is a pimple on the skin due to overactive sebaceous(oil- producing) glands (Lally & Valentine-French, 2019). Finally, your teenager would go through biological change. According to the national sleep foundation (NSF)(2016), adolescents need about 8 to 10 hours of sleep each night to function best. Older teenagers only get about (9%) amount of sleep, and they would be more likely to experience negative consequences the following day. They would be more likely to feel tired or sleepy, be cranky or irritable, fall asleep in school, be in a depressing mood, and drink caffeinated beverages. Troxel et al. (2019) found that insufficient sleep in adolescents is a predictor of risky sexual behaviors. As adolescents go through puberty, their circadian rhythms change, pushing back their sleep time until later in the evening (Weintraub, 2016). This biological change keeps teenagers awake at night and makes it difficult for them to wake up. When they wake up too early, their brain does not function optimally. Finally, you can build a stronger relationship with your teenager and cope by spending time with them during these many developments. Reinforcing family structure can help provide support and a sense of your child's well-being. As a parent, you can suggest bonding activities such as eating at the table together without tv or cell phones, everyday chores, and board game nights, along with celebrating your teenager's accomplishments and supporting their hobbies. Lastly, please get to know your friends and be active in their social life. As a parent, this will allow your child to communicate with you about their social life. This can lead to a healthier relationship between you and your teenager. Works Cited

families for life. (2022). Retrieved from https://familiesforlife.sg/discover-an-article/Pages/10- Ways-to-a-Better-Relationship-with-Your-Teenager.aspx Hopkins, C. (2016, January 23). PsychCentral . Retrieved from https://psychcentral.com/blog/5- tips-for-building-a-healthy-relationship-with-your-teenager#4 office population affairs. (n.d.). Office population affiairs . Retrieved from https://opa.hhs.gov/adolescent-health/adolescent-development-explained/social-development Raising children network . (2006-20022). Retrieved from https://raisingchildren.net.au/pre- teens/communicating-relationships/family-relationships/relationships-with-parents-teens Valentine-French, M. L. (2019). LIFESPAN DEVELOPMENT A Psychological Perspective Second Edition. Retrieved from http://dept.clcillinois.edu/psy/LifespanDevelopment.pdf pg 215- 221 Valentine-French, M. L. (2019). LIFESPAN DEVELOPMENT A Psychological Perspective Second Edition.

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