Food Addiction.edited

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1 Food Addiction Name Institution Course Professor Date

2 Food Addiction Food addictions involve eating behaviors, which include excessive and dysregulated high-energy food consumption. Although the food addiction concept started in 1956, its positive correlation with obesity and overweight has resulted in more research on the topic. Research shows that some of the food components, such as salt, sugar, and fats, can activate the dopamine reward system in the human brain, leading to addiction (Adams et al., 2019). The Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS) is the most commonly used tool to diagnose food addiction disorder. Studies ranging between twenty-five and sixty have used YFAS to assess food addiction. They reported a 0 to 25.7% prevalence among non-clinical samples and 6.7% to 100% in clinical samples (Hauck et al., 2020). Women had higher prevalences than men, ranging from 3.0 to 14.0% compared to 6.7-21-3%. Homosexual men had a higher YFAS score than heterosexual men, that is 1.83 v. 1.27% (Hauck et al., 2020). Finally, there was a higher prevalence among the black population than in Hispanic and white communities. Clinical characteristics include individuals diagnosed with an eating disorder or clinical bariatric surgery. Food addiction can be defined through criteria provided in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). Version 2.0 of YFAS is the most commonly used and uses a thirty-five-item questionnaire, which includes an eight-point response scale (Hauck et al., 2020). There must be eleven substance-related and addictive disorder criteria for one to be diagnosed with food addiction. Finally, there must be the presence of significant impairment from eating behavior. Food addiction can be manifested through repeatedly eating food containing a specific component. The food addiction etiology is an ongoing concept, and there is still no concrete evidence of the primary cause. However, some studies suggested that it is caused by activating the brain's dopamine reward system due to consuming food containing specific

3 elements (Hauck et al., 2020). People who are addicted to foods with fats, sugar, or salt can be diagnosed with food addiction. Studies have suggested that specific eating patterns qualify to be categorized as substance dependency-supporting addiction concepts. Although food addiction is associated with obesity and overweight, there is no adequate evidence to show causal inferences. Studies have found that some of the social factors can lead to food addiction. Loneliness can result in substance use and changes in behavior. A study conducted in Turkey found that there is a positive correlation between food addiction and loneliness (Tatsi et al., 2019). The study found that loneliness is commonly caused by adverse life experiences that result in isolation from social groups. The potential long-term impact is changes in behavior such as unhealthy eating, to surpass the stressors. Emotional dysregulation leads to food addiction (Tatsi et al., 2019). Some people practice impulsive eating as a response to emotional imbalance. Four interventions can be applied as a treatment for food addiction. They include cognitive, neuromodulation, and therapeutic interventions. Cognitive intervention involves reducing responsive biases. Response inhibition is a mechanism for overriding impulsive behaviors. This method can be effective when combined with neuromodulation intervention, which requires brain stimulation, which leads to augmented learning impacts (Adams et al., 2019). This can result in minimizing food consumption and reducing the craving effect. The most commonly applied brain stimulation approaches include transcranial direct current and transcranial magnetic stimulation. Finally, therapeutic interventions involve a 12-step alcoholics anonymous program and cognitive behavioral therapy. The 12-step alcohol program involves surrendering eating foods containing specific components as well as meeting groups with shared problems. This helps in surpassing the feeling of isolation and breaking the cycle. Cognitive behavioral

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4 therapy involves the evaluation of one's behavior, feelings, and thoughts. It enables them to recognize the specific triggers for a given behavior and the best strategies to overcome them (Adams et al., 2019). In this case, it helps the patients to identify the primary triggers for food addiction and the best ways to overcome them. It is a commonly used treatment method for substance addiction and can help treat food addiction.

5 References Adams, R. C., Sedgmond, J., Maizey, L., Chambers, C. D., & Lawrence, N. S. (2019). Food addiction: implications for the diagnosis and treatment of overeating. Nutrients , 11 (9), 2086. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11092086 Hauck, C., Cook, B., & Ellrott, T. (2020). Food addiction, eating addiction and eating disorders. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society , 79 (1), 103-112. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0029665119001162 Tatsi, E., Kamal, A., Turvill, A., & Regina, H. (2019). Emotion dysregulation and loneliness as predictors of food addiction. Journal of Health and Social Sciences . https://doi.org/10.19204/2019/mtnd5

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