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7. Your friend has obsessive-compulsive disorder and you would like to try to understand her disorder better. a. Describe the components of obsessive-compulsive disorder. b. Discuss the development of this disorder. Specifically, explain how one psychological and one biological factor increase the likelihood that the cycle of obsessive-compulsive disorder behaviors continues. c. Do you think eliminating the obsessions or compulsions of obsessive- compulsive disorder is more likely to be effective? Explain your response. d. Using what you know about conditioning, describe one way you could use either classical or operant conditioning to decrease the symptoms of obsessive- compulsive disorder. ANS: Answers may include: a. Obsessions—frequent intrusive anxiety-provoking thoughts; compulsions— unwanted behaviors that when performed, temporarily reduce feelings of anxiety b. Psychological factor—conditioning (classical—in which anxiety becomes paired to a specific event/trigger that should not normally be feared; and operant—compulsions are an example of negative reinforcement in which the performance of the action removes anxiety) Biological factor—genetics, and the neurotransmitter glutamate affect obsessive-compulsive disorder (increases neural firing); the caudate, which suppresses impulses in the brain, is smaller and structurally abnormal in people with obsessive-compulsive disorder c. Himinating the obsessions will be more effective (without the obsessions, you do not need compulsions). d. Classical conditioning—eliminate the association between thoughts and anxiety; operant conditioning—use punishment after compulsions to make them not as desirable. DIF: Difficult OBJ: 13.2c MSC: Analyzing NOT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 2, Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking | APA Goal 4, Communication Sonja has been diagnosed with bipolar 11 disorder, while her sister, Tanya, has been diagnosed with major depressive disorder. a. Describe the similarities and differences in Sonja’s and Tanya’s symptoms. b. How would Sonja’s behavior differ if she had been diagnosed with bipolar 1? c. How would Tanya’s symptoms differ if she had been diagnosed with persistent depressive disorder? d. Discuss the ways that people with depressive disorders have trouble with psychological factors (Hint: what is the cognitive triad?). ANS: Answers may include: a. Bipolar Il—mood disorder characterized by alternating periods of extremely depressed and mildly elevated moods; major depressive disorder—mood disorder characterized by extremely depressed moods or a lack of interest in normally pleasurable activities, persisting for 2 weeks or more; both disorders involve depressed mood, bipolar also involves periods of elevated positive mood. b. Bipolar I differs from bipolar II because it involves alternating between depression and true manic episodes—lasting at least a week, abnormally and persistently elevated mood, increased activity, impulsivity, grandiose ideas, racing thoughts, diminished need for sleep, extreme distractibility. c. Persistent depressive disorder differs from major depressive disorder because it involves a more mildly depressed mood (less intense symptoms) persisting for at least 2 years. d. One reason why some people develop depressive disorders may be because they are predisposed to psychological factors. How people react to stress may cause them to be more sensitive to stressful stimuli and react with stronger negative emotions. Similarly, Aaron Beck posits that depressed people are more likely to experience the cognitive triad—negative thoughts about themselves, their situations, and their futures. These perceptions influence one another causing people to overgeneralize based on single events, exaggerate the seriousness of bad events, think in extremes, and blame themselves for negative events. DIF: Moderate OBJ: 13.2d MSC: Applying NOT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 2, Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking | APA Goal 4, Communication . Jacob’s behavior has become increasingly odd over the past several months. He says things like “Iam so frustrating!” He hears voices that tell him to steal groceries and he no longer expresses love and affection to his family. a. Diagnose Jacob as having a disorder of emotion, thought, or self. i & A g - Maminn manitivia nnd wamntivia cvrmsnbamen Aw A avnlain have Thaaah?a hahavdaw in @ O 2

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