6294710-Annotated Bibliography & Research Proposal

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1 Annotated Bibliography & Research Proposal Student’s name Course Institution name Date

2 Annotated Bibliography & Research Proposal Introduction The mysterious figure of the serial killer has long captured the public's attention in the vast field of criminology. These people, who regularly engage in violent crimes, have been the focus of in-depth scholarly analysis, journalistic searches, and, perhaps most significantly, popular culture depictions. We can investigate the complex relationship between serial killers, mental illness, and the media using the highly praised television series "Mindhunter," one such depiction. This study aims to decipher the complex web of serial killer representations in media narratives, with an emphasis on "Mindhunter." .We hope to contribute to a deeper understanding of the complicated relationship between mental illness, criminality, and the role of the media in influencing public opinions by using qualitative content analysis to answer our primary and secondary research questions. This study has the potential to clarify the wider effects of such depictions on how society perceives these problems, ultimately influencing discussions about mental health, crime prevention, and the function of media in contemporary society. Primary Research Question The following is our main research hypothesis for this investigation: How are serial killers socially constructed or portrayed as mentally ill in television and media narratives, and what insights can be gained regarding the impact of these portrayals on our understanding of the connection between mental illness and criminality? Subsidiary Question

3 To delve deeper into this complex issue, we will also address the following subsidiary question: Through content analysis, what role does the childhood and early life of serial killers play in their portrayal as mentally ill individuals in media narratives? Rationale The portrayal of serial killers as mentally ill in media narratives is a topic of immense importance and relevance in contemporary criminology. With the rise of true crime documentaries, series like "Mindhunter," and the constant exposure to sensationalized news coverage, the way serial killers are depicted can significantly impact public perception and understanding of criminality and mental health. By critically examining how serial killers are portrayed in the criminological television program "Mindhunter," this study seeks to add to the body of literature by illuminating the broader implications for how society views psychological disorders and criminal conduct. Focused Method We will use qualitative content analysis approach to answer our study questions. With the use of this technique, we may systematically go through "Mindhunter" and other relevant materials to find recurrent themes, patterns, and the overall narrative structure relating to serial killers and mental illness. We seek to expose the fundamental social constructs and depictions that influence the general public's image of serial killers and their mental condition by carefully examining the episodes, dialogues, descriptions, and context-related factors within the series.

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4 Identification of Program Series We will be analyzing the material of the criminological television program "Mindhunter" as our main subject. The series, which was produced by Joe Penhall and centered on the true- crime book "Mindhunter: Inside the FBI's Elite Serial Crime Unit" by John E. Douglas and Mark Olshaker, examines the history of criminal psychology as well as the formation of the FBI's Behavioral Science Unit. Its engaging storyline and in-depth development of characters serve as a valuable researching reference. Summative evaluative (Bibliography) Allely, C. S., Minnis, H., Thompson, L., Wilson, P., & Gillberg, C. (2014). Neurodevelopmental and psychosocial risk factors in serial killers and mass murderers. Aggression and violent behavior , 19 (3), 288-301. Allely et al. (2014) conducted a literature review on the neurodevelopmental and psychological risk factors that may influence the emergence of mass murderers and serial killers. Following the PRISMA standards, the authors carried out a systematic review of both peer- reviewed and unreviewed materials. They discovered that some of the offenders may have had neurodevelopmental abnormalities like autism spectrum disorder (ASD) or brain injuries, and that these extreme forms of violence may be impacted by a complex interaction of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors (Allely et al., 2014). The main points made by the authors in defense of their article are as follows: first, there is evidence that some mass murderers and serial killers have displayed characteristics of ASD, including compromised social and communication skills, a lack of empathy, rigid and obsessed behaviors, and special interests. Additionally, there is proof that some mass murderers and serial killers have had brain injuries,

5 which may have impacted their ability to manage their impulses and regulate their emotions. Furthermore, the scholars indicate out that some mass murderers and serial murderers have gone through psychological challenges like childhood abuse, neglect, bullying, rejection, and trauma, which may have precipitated or worsened their criminal behaviors. Lasttly, some mass murderers and vicious killers have exhibited illicit sexual behavior and fantasies, which may have inspired or enabled their atrocities (Allely et al., 2014). In light of this, the researchers came to the general conclusion that multiple and serial killings are uncommon and complex phenomenon that may be caused by a confluence of neurodevelopmental and psychosocial risk factors. They also concluded that additional research is required to examine the potential relationship between neurodevelopmental disorders and these types of violence. This source's reliance on subjective and theoretical material from non- peer-reviewed sources, like journalistic and legal reporting, raises the possibility that the information contained therein may not be reliable, factual, or legitimate which proffers limitation to this study. Another limitation is that it simply implies a connection that needs further research between neurodevelopmental abnormalities and numerous and serial killings rather than establishing a causal connection. In my research study, this source provides valuable insights into the neurodevelopmental and psychosocial risk factors associated with serial killers, which will help inform the background and contextual understanding of my research on serial killers. Biagi-Chai, F. (2013). Serial killers: psychiatry, criminology, responsibility . Routledge.

6 This 2013 book by Biagi-Chai investigates the question of criminal culpability in the case of serial killers and other'mad' persons who are still thought to be legally responsible. The writer, who is a distinguished psychiatrist in France and Lacanian psychoanalyst, examines the reasoning behind the crimes of well-known serial killers like Henri-Désiré Landru, Pierre Rivière, and Donato Bilancia. In order to examine how the structure and operation of the psychotic subject relate to the social and legal standards that control criminality, the author adopts a psychoanalytic method. According to the author, serial killers are not mentally sick; rather, they experience a certain type of psychosis that makes it impossible for them to understand the symbolic structure and the other person as a subject (Biagi-Chai, 2013). As a result of a misinterpretation of lunacy and a rejection of the subject's agency, the author also critiques the insanity defense and the idea of reduced accountability. The author comes to the conclusion that although serial killers bear some responsibility for their crimes, it differs from that of other people. This source's dependence on the Lacanian idea of psychosis, which may not be generally acknowledged or comprehended by other fields or perspectives, is one of its limitations. Further limitation is that it fails discuss how biological, environmental, or social elements might play a part in how serial killing behavior develops or manifests. The book offers a unique psychoanalytic perspective on the responsibility of serial killers, contributing to the theoretical framework of my research by addressing the psychological aspects of serial killing. Briedik, A. (2022). Diagnosing and Comparing Mental Disorders of Serial Killers in Fiction: An Interdisciplinary Study of Iain Banks’ The Wasp Factory (1984)

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7 The article by Briedik (2022) is an interdisciplinary study of two novels that feature serial killers as protagonists: Iain Banks’ The Wasp Factory (1984) and Bret E. Ellis’ American Psycho (1991).The author contends that both books question the typical depictions of criminal syndicates in literature and provide understanding of their psychological and societal circumstances. The primary characters, Frank Cauldhame and Patrick Bateman, both have a different mental condition that is diagnosed and compared by the author using a combination of literary scrutiny, the theory of psychoanalysis, and criminology. The author discovered that both individuals have various personality disorders, including narcissistic personality disorder (NPD) and antisocial personality disorder (ASPD), and that their violent behaviors are driven by various causes, including trauma, identity crises, and consumption (Briedik, 2022). This source's limitation is that it mainly relies on the DSM-5 criteria for personality disorders, which may not adequately account for the complexity and diversity of behavior among individuals and experience. I will be able to examine how serial killers are portrayed in literature and how that could affect how the public perceives them in my research report because of to the comparative viewpoint that this multidisciplinary study of fictional serial killers will present. Cummins, I., Foley, M., & King, M. (2019). Serial killers and the media: The Moors Murders legacy . Springer. The book by Cummins and colleagues explores the societal and media consequences to the murders of five children and teens in England between 1963 and 1965 by Ian Brady and

8 Myra Hindley. In order to examine societal, the press, and cultural reactions to serial killing and violence, the writers utilize the Moors Murders incident as a case study. In this book the authors uses a multi-disciplinary analysis that draws on cultural studies, criminology, and sociology and socio-legal studies. The authors use various sources of data, such as newspaper articles, court transcripts, interviews, novels, films, and TV dramas, to examine the Moors Murders case and its impact on the media and culture. According to the author, case of Ian Brady and Myra Hindley reflect the changing attitudes and discourses on evil, psychopathy, gender, and punishment in British society. According to the author, the modern cultural fixation on celebrity has extended to serial killers, creating a lucrative and controversial “serial killing industry” that exploits the victims, co-victims, and the public interest ( Cummins et al., 2019). The major conclusion made by the authors is that the Moors Murders case is a significant and influential example of how serial killers and the media interact and shape each other, and how they affect the public perception and understanding of crime and violence. One limitations of this source is that it focuses mainly on the British context and does not compare the Moors Murders case with other international serial killer cases, such as Ted Bundy, Jeffrey Dahmer, or Anders Breivik.in the this source case will offer insights into the role of media and cultural factors in shaping public perception of serial killers, which aligns with my research on the influence of media on perceptions. Federman, C., Holmes, D., & Jacob, J. D. (2009). Deconstructing the psychopath: A critical discursive analysis. Cultural Critique , (72), 36-65. The article by Federman, et al., (2009) is a critical analysis of the concept of psychopathy, based on a Foucauldian perspective. The authors used a critical discursive analysis, which is a qualitative approach that examines how language and discourse shape and reflect

9 social reality, power relations, and subjectivity. Using the approach the scholar analyzed historical and cultural origins of the concept of psychopathy, as well as the contemporary manifestations of the discourse of psychopathy in psychiatric texts and media representations. The researchers also challenged the claims of objectivity and truth made by the literature on psychopathy by exposing its contradictions, inconsistencies, and silences. The authors contend that the development of a technological system of information that can categorize anyone who diverges from the norm as a threat to community entails the formation of the psychopath as a dangerous and terrible individual. They demonstrate how the psychopath is created as an embodiment of power and control through a discursive study of psychiatric descriptions of psychopathy, as well as media portrayals of serial killers and violent criminals. The articles also highlight the social and political ramifications of the discussion around psychopathy and dissect the mythic representation of the psychopath. Researchers come to the conclusion that the psychopath is not an inherent or natural categorization but rather the result of a particular historical and cultural environment that serves to support the use of psychiatric authority and the growth of the criminal justice system. This source's lack of empirical data or proof to back up its claims, instead relying primarily on theoretical and conceptual analysis, and this is one of its limitations. By illuminating how language and discourse shape the idea of psychopathy in regard to serial killers, this critical communicative study of psychopathy will strengthen the theoretical underpinning of my research. Keatley, D. A., Golightly, H., Shephard, R., Yaksic, E., & Reid, S. (2021). Using behavior sequence analysis to map serial killers’ life histories. Journal of interpersonal violence , 36 (5-6), 2906-2928.

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1 0 The goal of the study by Keatley et al. (2021) was to present a novel method for mapping the past lives of serial killers. The authors of this paper examined an extensive collection of 233 male serial killers with known histories of childhood abuse (physical, sexual, or psychological) using behavior sequence analysis (BSA). BSA is a method that makes it possible to spot trends and changes in behaviors and occurrences over time. The authors contend that BSA can identify patterns of serial killing, early childhood abuse, and murderous behaviors. The four categories used by the writers to categorize serial killers are visionary, mission-oriented, indulgent, and power/control. The 39 parameters utilized to code the crime scene behaviors include weapon type, victim type, body disposal, and signatures. The results show that various actions at crime sites typically follow from sexual, physical, and psychological abuse. For instance, sexual abuse is associated with more sexual and cruel conduct, whereas physical abuse is associated with more violent and impulsive conduct. The researchers come to the conclusion that BSA is an effective method for detecting serial killers and understanding the timeline of their lives. Additionally, they call attention to a number of the study's flaws, such as the lack of female serial killers, the investigation's reliance on secondary sources, and potential bias on the part of the coders. Researcher may be able to profile serial killers and learn more about the developmental processes that lead to their behaviors by using the novel method (BSA) given in this article. Marono, A. J., Reid, S., Yaksic, E., & Keatley, D. A. (2020). A behaviour sequence analysis of serial killers’ lives: From childhood abuse to methods of murder. Psychiatry, psychology and law , 27 (1), 126-137.

1 1 The goal of the article by Marono, Reid, Yaksic, and Keatley (2020) intended to present a fresh approach for documenting the life histories of serial killers. The authors assert that early childhood trauma, such as physical, sexual, or psychological abuse, can contribute to various kinds of serial killing and crime scene behaviors. Researchers employ Behaviour Sequence Analysis (BSA), a technique that illustrates the relationships between acts and occurrences through time, to study a substantial database of 233 male serial killers who had been exposed to abuse in childhood. According to the scholars, distinct crime scene conduct, such the use of torture, dismemberment, or amputation, typically result from different types of maltreatment. Furthermore, they go into great length on the various sorts of exploitation and behaviors that some of the convicted killers in their cohort engaged in. The authors draw the conclusion that childhood trauma is a significant risk factor for the behaviors of serial killers and that their approach can assist in profiling serial killers and comprehending the chronological development of their lives. A disadvantage of this source is that it primarily discusses male serial killers, leaving out transgender or female killers, who can have different kinds of abuse and behaviors. A further limitation is that the database of serial killers might not be complete or comprehensive since some killers might not have been recognized, apprehended, or reported, or they might have misled or omitted details about their maltreatment as children or their actions at crime scenes. This article complements Keatley et al., (2021) work by further examining the links between childhood abuse and distinct crime scene behaviors among male serial killers, in the research it will contribute to a comprehensive understanding of their life histories. Mitchell, H., & Aamodt, M. G. (2005). The incidence of child abuse in serial killers. Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology, 20(1), 40-47.

1 2 In their 2005 article, Mitchell and Aamodt investigate the frequency of childhood abuse among 50 criminal syndicates who committed desire killings. The authors utilize a descriptive approach to gather and evaluate the information, obtaining details about the serial killers' early lives through biographical resources, publications, and web resources. The authors use data from 2001 to contrast the rates of mistreatment in the serial murderer sample to those in the wider community. They characterize abuse as physical, sexual, psychological, or neglect. The authors conclude that compared to the general population, mistreatment of all kinds—apart from neglect —was much more prevalent in the group of serial killers. Specifically, 36% of the serial killers experienced physical abuse, 26% experienced sexual abuse, and 50% experienced psychological abuse, compared to 12.5%, 9.6%, and 7.6% in the general population, respectively. Neglect was equally prevalent in both groups, at 18% ( Mitchell & Aamodt, 2005). The authors argue that childhood abuse may contribute to the development of serial killers by impairing their emotional, cognitive, and social functioning, and by creating fantasies of revenge, power, and control. The authors conclude that childhood abuse is a common factor among lust killers, and that further research is needed to understand the causal mechanisms and the implications for prevention and intervention. Some limitations are the sample size is small and may not be representative of all serial killers or lust killers additionally the sources of information may be unreliable, incomplete, or biased, as they are based on secondary sources or self-reports by the serial killers. In my research, this article will offers empirical data that will help substantiate the relationship between childhood abuse and serial killing behavior. Reid, S., Katan, A., Ellithy, A., Della Stua, R., & Denisov, E. V. (2019). The perfect storm: Mapping the life course trajectories of serial killers. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology , 63 (9), 1621-1662.

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1 3 The article by Reid et al. (2019) examines the developmental factors that contribute to the emergence of sexual serial killers. The authors argue that previous research on serial killers has focused too much on static traits, such as personality disorders, and neglected the dynamic interactions between individuals and their environments throughout their life span. Using life span developmental psychology as a framework, the authors trace the life course trajectories of 55 sexual serial killers and identify the key developmental mechanisms that shape their psychopathology and motivations. The authors use a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative analysis of biographical data and qualitative analysis of case studies. The authors find that sexual serial killers experience a “perfect storm” of adverse developmental conditions, such as childhood abuse, neglect, attachment problems, social isolation, and cognitive impairments, which lead to a distorted sense of self and others, a lack of empathy and remorse, and a sadistic sexual orientation. The authors conclude that sexual serial killing is a complex phenomenon that requires a comprehensive and integrative understanding of human development. The authors point out some limitations of their study, such as the small and heterogeneous sample size, the reliance on secondary sources of data, and the difficulty of establishing causal relationships between developmental factors and serial killing. This study adds a developmental psychology perspective, enriching my research by highlighting the dynamic interactions contributing to serial killer psychopathology. Saltzman, Z. G. (2023). The Association Between Exposure to True Crime and Fictional Crime Media With Perception of Serial Killers (Doctoral dissertation, Alliant International University).d Bret E. Ellis’ American Psycho (1991). International Journal of Literary Humanities , 20 (1).

1 4 The dissertation by Saltzman (2023) examines the association between exposure to true crime and fictional crime media with perception of serial killers. The dissertation proffers an argument that exposure to different types of crime media may influence how people view serial killers, their motives, their victims, and their detection. As such the dissertation method used is a survey of 402 participants who reported their exposure to various crime media and their attitudes and beliefs about serial killers. The dissertation found that exposure to true crime media was positively associated with more accurate and less sensationalized perception of serial killers, while exposure to fictional crime media was negatively associated with such perception (Saltzman, 2023). One limitation of this source is that it relies on self-reported measures of media exposure and perception, which may be subject to recall bias and social desirability bias. Another limitation is that it does not account for the potential moderating effects of other factors, such as personality, gender, and prior knowledge of serial killers. This dissertation will provide insights into the role of media exposure, aligning with my research on media's impact on public attitudes. Tyrrell, K. (2001). The serial killer in cinema. Alternative Law Journal , 26 (6), 274-278. The article by Tyrrell (2001) examines the representation of the serial killer in cinema, focusing on how the killer is marked as deviant and dangerous despite his normative identity as a white, heterosexual, middle-class male. The article compares and contrasts various serial killer movies, including The Silence of the Lambs, Crime Time, Freeway, Post Mortem, Dark City, and Serial Mom, among others, using a textual analysis method. The investigation, profiling, media, victimization, and the perpetrator's motivation are only a few of the recurring features and themes that define the serial killer genre. The author contends that serial killer movies vary in

1 5 their depictions of the killer as a hero, a monster, a product of civilization, or a force of nature, as well as in their correctness and awareness of the sociological and criminological perspectives on the subject. According to the article's conclusion, serial killer movies are intricate and varied cultural texts that reflect and create the concerns and fantasies that society has towards the problem of serial violence. According to the article, serial killer movies disrupt established ideas of what is normal and deviant, and they also highlight the paradoxes and complexities of the serial murderer as a figure of terror and intrigue. One limitation is that it does not consider the ethical and political implications of the representation and consumption of serial violence in cinema, and how it may affect the public perception and response to the real-world serial killers and their victims. Tyrrell's analysis of serial killers in cinema will assist in exploring how popular culture portrays serial killers and its implications for public perceptions in the context of my research. Wiest, J. B. (2016). Casting cultural monsters: Representations of serial killers in US and UK news media. Howard Journal of Communications , 27 (4), 327-346. The article by Wiest (2016) explores how U.S. and U.K. news media represent serial killers and what these representations reveal about the cultures of these nations. The author argues that most media portrayals of serial killers tend to present two images: the serial killer as monster and the serial killer as celebrity. These images reflect cultural fears, insecurities, values, and ideals. The author uses a qualitative content analysis of news articles published in the U.S. and U.K. between 2000 and 2010 to examine the use of monster and celebrity imagery in the coverage of serial murder cases. The author finds that U.K. articles include more monster imagery and U.S. articles include more celebrity imagery. The author suggests that these differences may be related

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1 6 to the historical, political, and social contexts of these nations, as well as the media systems and practices. The author concludes that media representations of serial killers are not only informative, but also performative, as they shape and reflect cultural meanings and identities. The articles limitations is that the sample size is relatively small and may not be representative of all news sources and serial murder cases in the U.S. and U.K. additionally, the coding scheme is subjective and may not capture all the nuances and variations of monster and celebrity imagery. This source will be helpful as it will inform my research on the cultural factors shaping public perceptions of serial killers in different contexts. Conclusion The reviewed literature provides valuable insights into the portrayal and social construction of serial killers, particularly in the context of television, media narratives, and academic discourse. Several central themes and gaps emerge from the summative analysis: to begin with is the complexity of the serial killer; the bibliography highlights the multifaceted nature of serial killers, emphasizing that they cannot be easily categorized or reduced to a single explanation. Factors such as neurodevelopmental disorders, childhood abuse, personality disorders, and social influences all play a role in their development and actions. Another theme that has emerged is concerns on psychopathology and Mental Illness. The portrayal of serial killers as mentally ill individuals is a recurring theme in media narratives. While some sources argue that they suffer from specific disorders like autism spectrum disorder (ASD) or personality disorders, others challenge the idea that they fit neatly within conventional psychiatric categories. This ambiguity suggests a nuanced relationship between mental health and criminality.

1 7 Impact of Media of media has also been a recurring theme; his influence of media on public perception and understanding of serial killers cannot be overstated. Media representations often oscillate between depicting serial killers as monstrous figures or celebrities, reflecting cultural fears and values. This portrayal can shape public attitudes, potentially impacting social policies and public opinion. The theme of Childhood and Early Life was also prevalent; s everal studies in the summative review explore the significance of childhood experiences, including abuse and neglect, in the development of serial killers. Understanding the role of early life factors in their portrayal as mentally ill individuals is a critical area of research. Many of the reviewed sources have limitations, such as small sample sizes, reliance on secondary data, and a lack of comprehensive cross-cultural comparisons. Additionally, while some studies focus on psychological aspects, others employ interdisciplinary approaches or critical perspectives like psychoanalysis and Foucauldian analysis.

1 8 References Allely, C. S., Minnis, H., Thompson, L., Wilson, P., & Gillberg, C. (2014). Neurodevelopmental and psychosocial risk factors in serial killers and mass murderers. Aggression and violent behavior , 19 (3), 288-301. Biagi-Chai, F. (2013). Serial killers: psychiatry, criminology, responsibility . Routledge. Briedik, A. (2022). Diagnosing and Comparing Mental Disorders of Serial Killers in Fiction: An Interdisciplinary Study of Iain Banks’ The Wasp Factory (1984) an Cummins, I., Foley, M., & King, M. (2019). Serial killers and the media: The Moors Murders legacy . Springer. Federman, C., Holmes, D., & Jacob, J. D. (2009). Deconstructing the psychopath: A critical discursive analysis. Cultural Critique , (72), 36-65. Keatley, D. A., Golightly, H., Shephard, R., Yaksic, E., & Reid, S. (2021). Using behavior sequence analysis to map serial killers’ life histories. Journal of interpersonal violence , 36 (5-6), 2906-2928. Marono, A. J., Reid, S., Yaksic, E., & Keatley, D. A. (2020). A behaviour sequence analysis of serial killers’ lives: From childhood abuse to methods of murder. Psychiatry, psychology and law , 27 (1), 126-137. Mitchell, H., & Aamodt, M. G. (2005). The incidence of child abuse in serial killers. Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology , 20 (1), 40-47.

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1 9 Reid, S., Katan, A., Ellithy, A., Della Stua, R., & Denisov, E. V. (2019). The perfect storm: Mapping the life course trajectories of serial killers. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology , 63 (9), 1621-1662. Saltzman, Z. G. (2023). The Association Between Exposure to True Crime and Fictional Crime Media With Perception of Serial Killers (Doctoral dissertation, Alliant International University).d Bret E. Ellis’ American Psycho (1991). International Journal of Literary Humanities , 20 (1). Tyrrell, K. (2001). The serial killer in cinema. Alternative Law Journal , 26 (6), 274-278. Wiest, J. B. (2016). Casting cultural monsters: Representations of serial killers in US and UK news media. Howard Journal of Communications , 27 (4), 327-346.

6294710-Annotated Bibliography & Research Proposal

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