CJU231 Differences in Report Writing Documentation

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Research Paper: Differences in Report Writing Documentation Sabrina V. Miller Liberty University: Helms School of Government CJUS231: Criminal Justice Report Writing Professor Franz Blanchard M.S. 15 December 2023

2 Research Paper: Differences in Report Writing Documentation The field of law enforcement and criminal justice relies heavily on thorough and accurate report writing documentation. Through proper documentation, investigators are able to gather, analyze, and present critical information that is essential for both misdemeanor and felony investigations. This research paper aims to explore the differences in report writing documentation for these investigations, with a focus on the elements required, the purpose of internal and external statements, the impact of improper documentation, and the audience that reviews these reports. One can gain a deeper understanding of the significance of report writing in criminal investigations and its impact on the pursuit of justice through delving into the topics. There are various elements and information needed to take on misdemeanor and felony investigations. One of the elements is the information collected in a criminal investigation which includes victim and suspect information (Morris & Merson, 2017). For victims, their name, age, contact information, and relevant background details are gathered to aid the investigation (Morris & Merson, 2017). In misdemeanor cases, this information is primarily used for communication and to establish the victim's involvement (Holtz, 2016). However, for felony investigations, a more comprehensive collection is necessary, such as understanding the relationship between the victim and suspect, potential motives, or any prior criminal history (Morris & Merson, 2017). There is also suspect information which involves gathering the suspect's name, age, physical description, aliases, or any identifying information available (Holtz, 2016). For misdemeanors, basic suspect information helps with identification and potential charges, while felony investigations require a more thorough collection, including criminal history, known associates, and previous convictions that could be relevant to the case (Morris & Merson, 2017).

3 Moreover, in both misdemeanor and felony investigations, gathering witness statements is of utmost importance (Holtz, 2016). These statements should include the witness's name, contact information, a detailed account of what they observed, and any additional information they may possess (Morris & Merson, 2017). Physical evidence also plays a crucial role in both types of investigations (Holtz, 2016). This can range from fingerprints and DNA samples to weapons or other items found at the crime scene that may link the suspect to the crime (Morris & Merson, 2017). In misdemeanor investigations, physical evidence may be more limited to items directly related to the incident, such as a weapon or stolen property (Holtz, 2016). However, in felony investigations, a wider range of physical evidence may be collected, including trace evidence, footprints, or surveillance footage (Morris & Merson, 2017). Additionally, surveillance footage can be a valuable source of evidence that should be obtained and analyzed (Holtz, 2016). This may involve reviewing video footage from nearby cameras to see if the incident or movements of the suspect were captured (Alhendi & Salameh, 2022). Such footage should be retained as evidence and carefully examined for any potential leads or identification. Additionally, interviews will be conducted with the victim, suspects, witnesses, and anyone else with relevant information (Morris & Merson, 2017). These interviews aim to gather additional details, clarify inconsistencies, obtain alibis, and potentially uncover new leads (Allen et al., 2020). The information obtained from these interviews can be crucial in both misdemeanor and felony cases, although the specific details obtained may vary depending on the type of investigation (Morris & Merson, 2017). When a crime is reported, a police officer files an initial report, known as a police report, which serves as a crucial element in both misdemeanor and felony investigations (Morris & Merson, 2017). This report contains important details about the incident, including observations

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4 made at the scene and any actions taken by the officer (Holtz, 2016). It serves as a foundation for further investigation and also provides a record of the initial response and assessment of the situation (Morris & Merson, 2017). In cases where the victim has suffered physical harm, medical records may also be relevant (Alhendi & Salameh, 2022). These records can provide valuable information about the nature and extent of the victim's injuries, the treatment they received, and potentially link those injuries to the crime (Alhendi & Salameh, 2022). Medical records are especially significant in felony investigations, as the severity of the harm can impact the charges brought against the suspect (Alhendi & Salameh, 2022). Financial records, such as bank statements and credit card transactions, can play a crucial role in certain cases, particularly those involving fraud or identity theft (Allen et al., 2020). These records can provide valuable evidence and insights into a suspect's financial activities, helping investigators piece together the details of the crime (Morris & Merson, 2017). While financial records are more commonly examined in felony investigations due to the potentially higher stakes involved, they can also be relevant in misdemeanor cases (Morris & Merson, 2017). On the other hand, forensic analysis involves the collection, preservation, and analysis of physical evidence using specialized techniques and tools, such as fingerprint analysis, DNA testing, ballistics analysis, or toxicology reports (Holtz, 2016). The purpose of internal statements is to gather information and evidence from individuals within the organization or agency conducting the investigation (Black & Fennelly, 2020). Internal statements are typically collected from employees, staff members, or individuals who have first-hand knowledge or involvement in the case (Morris & Merson, 2017). They are used to establish facts, obtain statements under oath, and document relevant details (Holtz, 2016). On the other hand, external statements or reports are utilized to gather information from individuals

5 outside of the organization or agency conducting the investigation (Black & Fennelly, 2020). These external statements can be obtained from witnesses, victims, suspects, or any other person with relevant information (Morris & Merson, 2017). External reports are important for establishing a comprehensive and unbiased account of the events or incidents under investigation (Holtz, 2016). Understanding the purpose of internal and external statements is crucial because they serve different roles in an investigation (Black & Fennelly, 2020). Internal statements are used to ensure that all relevant information within the organization is sourced and documented, while external statements provide a wider perspective and insights from individuals external to the organization (Anthony, 2023). By effectively utilizing internal and external statements, investigators can gather a broader range of information and establish a more complete understanding of the case (Holtz, 2016). This helps in building a strong case based on solid evidence and supporting documentation (Morris & Merson, 2017). To begin with, the information required to complete those reports varies depending on the specific details of the investigation (Anthony, 2023). In misdemeanor investigations, relevant information may include the time, date, and location of the incident, details of the alleged offense or misconduct, identification of involved parties, witness statements, physical evidence, and any other relevant information that can help establish the facts of the case (Black & Fennelly, 2020). In felony investigations, the scope of information may be more extensive and involve a broader range of evidence, such as surveillance footage, forensic analysis, expert opinions, and documented interviews (Morris & Merson, 2017). The reasons for completing these reports are versatile. Firstly, report writing is crucial for documenting and preserving the details of the investigation, ensuring that nothing is overlooked

6 or forgotten (Morris & Merson, 2017). This serves as a comprehensive record that can be referred to during the course of the investigation and in subsequent legal proceedings (Allen et al., 2020). Reports also provide a means of communication and coordination between different members of law enforcement agencies or departments involved in the investigation, ensuring that everyone is on the same page and has access to the necessary information (Allen et al., 2020). Ensuring accuracy in reporting is of utmost importance due to its potential impact on the outcome of the case (Morris & Merson, 2017). Errors or inaccuracies in reporting can undermine the credibility of the investigation and jeopardize the prosecution's case (Holtz, 2016). It is vital to document the information accurately, objectively, and without any personal biases or assumptions (Morris & Merson, 2017). Investigators must rely on their training, attention to detail, and critical thinking skills to gather, verify, and record the information in a thorough and accurate manner (Reilly, 2019). The audience that might view these reports can vary depending on the nature of the investigation and the specific requirements of the reporting agency or department (Morris & Merson, 2017). Internal statements or reports are typically intended for internal use within the law enforcement agency or department conducting the investigation (Reilly, 2019). These reports may be reviewed by supervisors, detectives, prosecutors, or other members of the agency involved in the investigation or subsequent legal proceedings (Morris & Merson, 2017). External statements or reports, on the other hand, are often required to be submitted to external entities, such as courts, prosecutors, defense attorneys, or other relevant parties in the criminal justice system (Holtz, 2016). These reports serve as a formal and official documentation of the investigation's findings and are subject to scrutiny by these entities (Morris & Merson, 2017). Therefore, it is crucial to ensure that these reports are professionally written, adhere to in-

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7 house standards and protocols, and accurately reflect the evidence and facts of the case (Reilly, 2019). Improper documentation, whether it is inaccurate, incomplete information, or subjective biases, can have a significant impact on the report and the subsequent investigation (Holtz, 2016). Inaccurate or unreliable reports can undermine the credibility of the investigation and the investigators involved (Reilly, 2019). This can lead to challenges in court, weakened arguments, and potentially compromised justice (Morris & Merson, 2017). From a biblical perspective, the importance of accuracy and truthfulness in reporting is emphasized throughout the Scriptures. In Proverbs 12:22, it states, "The Lord detests lying lips, but he delights in people who are trustworthy" (King James Bible Online, 2018). This highlights the significance placed on honesty and integrity in any form of communication, including report writing. In the context of investigations, the Christian worldview promotes the pursuit of justice and accountability. Romans 13:1-5 teaches that governmental authorities are ordained by God and serve the purpose of executing justice (King James Bible Online, 2018). As such, accurate and thorough documentation is vital in upholding justice, ensuring that the truth is revealed, and rightful actions are taken (Holtz, 2016). Furthermore, the Christian worldview recognizes the inherent worth and dignity of every human being. This means that all individuals involved in the investigation, including the offender, the victim, and witnesses, should be treated with respect and fairness (Allen et al., 2020). Proper documentation, in line with ethical guidelines and legal requirements, helps to ensure that all relevant information is recorded, preventing any bias or unjust treatment (Reilly, 2019). A Christian outlook also emphasizes the importance of love, compassion, and reconciliation. In cases involving misdemeanor or felony charges, report writing documentation can play a role in facilitating these principles (Reilly, 2019). Accurate and detailed reports can

8 assist in identifying the root causes of the offense, addressing any underlying issues, and providing appropriate interventions or support for all parties involved (Morris & Merson, 2017). The completion of reports and documentation plays a vital role in both misdemeanor and felony investigations. Investigators can build a solid foundation for the case through gathering and accurately documenting victim information, suspect information, witness statements, physical evidence, surveillance footage, interviews, police reports, medical records, financial records, and forensic analysis. Internal statements are collected to establish facts and obtain statements from individuals within the organization, while external statements provide an unbiased perspective from individuals outside the organization. Ensuring accuracy in reporting is crucial to maintaining the credibility of the investigation and its subsequent legal proceedings. The audience that may review these reports includes supervisors, detectives, prosecutors, courts, defense attorneys, and other relevant parties in the criminal justice system. From a biblical or Christian worldview perspective, honesty, integrity, justice, and the inherent worth of every individual are emphasized in report writing.

9 References Alhendi, N. I., & Salameh, M. H. (2022). The Role of Forensic Medicine in Criminal Investigation. Pakistan Journal of Criminology , 14 (1). Allen, R. J., Hoffmann, J. L., Livingston, D. A., Leipold, A. D., & Meares, T. L. (2020). Criminal Procedure: Investigation and the Right to Counsel . Aspen Publishing. Anthony, L. D. (2023). The Little Book of Criminal Investigations . Dorrance Publishing. Black, I. S., & Fennelly, L. J. (2020). Investigations and the art of the interview . Butterworth- Heinemann. Holtz, L. E. (2016). Effective law enforcement report writing . Blue 360 Media, LLC. King James Bible Online. (2018). Official king james bible online: Authorized king james version (KJV) . Kingjamesbibleonline.org. https://www.kingjamesbibleonline.org/ Morris K. & Merson M. (2017). Report writing for law enforcement and corrections professionals . Pearson. https://canvas.liberty.edu/courses/520088/modules/items/58857908 Reilly, D. A. (2019). Finding the truth with criminal investigation: suspect, subject, defendant . Rowman & Littlefield.

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