Conceptualizing Politics Summary (4)

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Political Science

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Feb 20, 2024

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1. Fill in the blanks in this sentence: "Politics doesn’t exist with only ............ on a deserted island. This necessarily social aspect suggests that politics governs our social relations and our relationship to ........................ on society." Politics doesn’t exist with only one person on a deserted island. This necessarily social aspect suggests that politics governs our social relations and our relationship to goods and resources in order to effect improvements on society. 2. Fill in the blanks in this sentence: "For the ancient Greeks, particularly Aristotle, politics cuts even deeper—it is central to .................. being." For the ancient Greeks, particularly Aristotle, politics cuts even deeper—it is central to the very purpose of what it means to be a human being. 3. Describe the conflict-based view of politics. A conflict-based view of politics can be described as a group only being able to achieve their goals at the detriment of their opposing group. This viewpoint is pretty much the antithesis of the phrase “rising tides raise all ships”. 4. What is hyper-partisanship? A political environment in which party-line voting is strong and political parties increasingly see their party opponents as enemies to be bested. Cooperation across party lines is rare in a hyper-partisan environment. This can also be called hyper- polarization. 5. What is bipartisanship? Cooperation or collaboration among the two major parties in America's two-party system. 6. How does Shanto Iyengar describe the Bargaining Model? Shanto Iyengar has called the “Bargaining Model,” in which a small number of political elites fashion policy out of horse trading and compromise across the party aisle. 7. What is a majoritarian system of government? System of government in which candidates with the most votes in an election win that district's single seat, and other candidates with less votes win no seats in government. This is likely to produce two-party dominant systems and a majority rule in government. 8. What is a proportional system of government? A system of government in which a percentage of seats won by a party in the legislature roughly mirrors the number of votes cast for that party. This is likely to produce multi- party systems and coalition governments in which multiple parties form a coalition to govern. 9. Describe the Prisoner's Dilemma.

Collective action game in which players decide whether they defect or cooperation with an accomplice. 10. Fill in the blanks in this sentence: "In political and social science, power is often understood to be ................. " In political and social science, power is often understood to be the capacity an individual has to influence the behavior of others. 11. Explain the difference between soft power and hard power. Soft power usually incentives people to act in a certain favorable way while hard power punishes those you act outside of the favored behavior. 12. Explain the difference between legitimate and illegitimate power. Legitimate power operates the set in place power structure usually with set checks and balances to maintain a somewhat fair governing while illegitimate power may break these rules or use loopholes in order to gain whatever they desire. 13. What is the difference between power and authority? Power is the weapon while authority is how you wield it. 14. Complete this sentence: "So we arrive at another definition of politics: politics is a field on which ................ " So we arrive at another definition of politics: politics is a field on which power is contested, shared, lost, won, rendered legitimate, or rendered illegitimate. 15. Person A has power over Person B to the extent that they can determine B’s conduct, but power in our modern world is often hard to see directly, since it commonly takes the form of the absence of brute force. Social and legal norms often determine our conduct in such a way that we ourselves affirm those norms and therefore do not consider them power over us. Give an example of this phenomenon from your own life. The first example that comes to mind for me is the effect everyday misogyny has had on me. Its not like any one man is directly controlling me or preventing me from doing the things that I love but the mentalities that have been instilled in me, the social pressure to constantly be “pleasant” in the face of a man have noticeably damage the relationship that I have with myself and other women that I am close to. I’m struggling to unlearn all of the ideas that have been fed to me and little by little they are dissolving but they have hindered so many of my past and present decisions before I am even able to have a second thought. 16. The notion of “corrections” in the modern penal system indicates internal discipline over inmates. This conditioned form of power is not confined to modern prisons for Foucault. Schools, hospitals, corporate offices, public life—in all these areas there exists a interrelated structure of conditioning power that

controls without appearing intrusive. Give an example of the way in which conditioning power manifests in the school setting. Examples of conditioning power in schools are incredibly prevalent. What I’ve seen most often however is how students are taught that everything that they are being taught from the time that they are in pre-k is factual and unbiased. This is engrained so deeply that by the time students are in their upper level courses it is incredibly difficult to question teachers that are perhaps out of line with their teaching. Students have at that point been programmed that their insight or instinct must be wrong if it contradicts what is being taught. 17. Fill in the blanks, "Identity politics is often defined as ................. What is overlooked in this definition, however, is that .............. is the central struggle of identity politics. Identity politics is often defined as political mobilization based on exclusive alliances of shared identity characteristics at the expense of traditional, broad-based political parties. What is overlooked in this definition, however, is that control and domination over individuals is the central struggle of identity politics. 18. Define Political Science Political Science is part of the broader meta-discipline of the social sciences, which includes, among other disciplines, Economics, Sociology, Anthropology, and Psychology. With an additional focus on explaining phenomena in various aspects of the social realm. 19. Explain the difference between dependent and independent variable. An independent variable can stand alone, it is the cause of something but a dependant variable cannot exist without an independant one, it is the effect. Answers to the following questions are found on pages 401 - 404 of this pdf: PoliticalPhilosophyReader-3e501aea-e5c2-4971-ac61-505bbbe05d60.pdf 20. Fill in the blanks in the paragraph that follows: "Political Authority describes any of the moral principles legitimizing differences between ...... Political authority grants members of a government the right to ........ (i.e., political legitimacy), while imposing an obligation for the citizens ....... (i.e., political obligation)." Political Authority1 describes any of the moral principles legitimizing differences between individuals' rights and duties by virtue of their relationship with the state. Political authority grants members of a government the right to rule over citizens using coercion if necessary (i.e., political legitimacy), while imposing an obligation for the citizens to obey government orders (i.e., political obligation). 21. Complete the sentence that follows: "Political (or Social) Equality is a state of affairs in which all people within a specific society or isolated group have the same status in certain respects, including ........... "

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Political (or Social) Equality is a state of affairs in which all people within a specific society or isolated group have the same status in certain respects, including civil rights, freedom of speech, property rights and equal access to certain social goods and services. 22. Complete the sentence that follows: "Social equality requires the absence of legally enforced social class or caste boundaries and the absence of discrimination motivated by an inalienable part of a person's identity. For example, sex, gender, race, age, sexual orientation, origin, caste or class, income or property, language, religion, convictions, opinions, health or disability must not result in .......... " Social equality requires the absence of legally enforced social class or caste boundaries and the absence of discrimination motivated by an inalienable part of a person's identity. For example, sex, gender, race, age, sexual orientation, origin, caste or class, income or property, language, religion, convictions, opinions, health or disability must not result in unequal treatment under the law and should not reduce opportunities unjustifiably. 23. Complete the sentence that follows: "The standard of equality that states everyone is created equal at birth is called .......... " The standard of equality that states everyone is created equal at birth is called ontological equality. 24. Fill in the blanks in the sentences that follow: "The notion of "ontological equality" describes ......... Everyone is created equal at .... Everything has equal right to exist and develop by its ..... " The notion of "ontological equality" describes equality by saying everything is equal by nature. Everyone is created equal at birth. Everything has equal right to exist and develop by its nature. 25. Fill in the blanks in the paragraph that follows: "Another standard of equality is equality of ....... , "the idea that everyone has a ............ , and power because the rules of the game, so to speak, are ...... ". This concept can be applied to society by saying that no one has a ......... This means that, for any social equality issue dealing with wealth, social prestige, power, or any of that sort, the equality of opportunity standard can defend the idea that everyone had ........ This views society almost as a game and any of the differences in equality are due to .......... " Another standard of equality is equality of opportunity, "the idea that everyone has an equal chance to achieve wealth, social prestige, and power because the rules of the game, so to speak, are the same for everyone". This concept can be applied to society by saying that no one has a head start. This means that, for any social equality issue dealing with wealth, social prestige, power, or any of that sort, the equality of opportunity standard can defend the idea that everyone had the same start. This views society almost as a game and any of the differences in equality are due to luck and playing the "game" to one's best ability.

26. Fill in the blanks in the paragraph that follows: "Another notion of equality introduced by Conley is equality of ..... Through this framework is the idea that everyone should have an ....... Conley goes back to his example of a game of Monopoly to explain this standard. If the game of four started off with two players both having an advantage of $5,000 dollars to start off with and both already owning hotels and other property while the other two players both did not own any property and both started off with a $5,000 dollar deficit, then from a perspective of the standard of ....... , one can argue that the rules of the game .......... From this we form policies in order to ...... to create .... Here is where social engineering comes into play where we change society in order to give an based on race, gender, class, religion etc. when it is made justifiable that the proponents of the society makes it ...... " Another notion of equality introduced by Conley is equality of condition. Through this framework is the idea that everyone should have an equal starting point. Conley goes back to his example of a game of Monopoly to explain this standard. If the game of four started off with two players both having an advantage of $5,000 dollars to start off with and both already owning hotels and other property while the other two players both did not own any property and both started off with a $5,000 dollar deficit, then from a perspective of the standard of equality of condition, one can argue that the rules of the game "need to be altered in order to compensate for inequalities in the relative starting positions". From this we form policies in order to even equality which in result bring an efficient way to create fairer competition in society. Here is where social engineering comes into play where we change society in order to give an equality of condition to everyone based on race, gender, class, religion etc. when it is made justifiable that the proponents of the society makes it unfair for them. 27. Complete the sentence that follows: "Sharon E. Kahn, author of Academic Freedom and the Inclusive University, talks about equality of condition in their work as well and how it correlates to freedom of individuals. They claim that in order to have individual freedom there needs to be equality of condition "which requires much more than the elimination of legal barriers: it requires ......... " Sharon E. Kahn, author of Academic Freedom and the Inclusive University, talks about equality of condition in their work as well and how it correlates to freedom of individuals. They claim that in order to have individual freedom there needs to be equality of condition "which requires much more than the elimination of legal barriers: it requires the creation of a level playing field that eliminates structural barriers to opportunity". 28. Complete the sentence that follows: "A fourth standard of equality is equality of outcome, which is "a position that argues ...... " A fourth standard of equality is equality of outcome, which is "a position that argues each player must end up with the same amount regardless of the fairness".

Conceptualizing Politics Summary (4)

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