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POLI 201 - Fall 2023 American National Government Study Aid - Test 2, 10/24/23 Chapters 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 What is the definition of public opinion? The opinion of the public What is the key to obtaining an accurate survey sample? Large survey size What is political socialization ? The process through which individuals learn a set of political attitudes and form opinions about social issues. Families and the educational system are two of the most important forces in the political socialization process. What is generally considered to be the most important socialization agent? What is the “rational ignorance” effect? Identify the three types of distribution of public opinion. What is the impact of public opinion on government actions? What is Arthur Lupia’s assessment of political knowledge in the United States? What is an interest group? What are the types of incentives for joining interest groups? Identify the nine major types of interest groups. What is a lobbyist? What are the direct techniques that interest groups use in attempting to influence public policy? What are the indirect techniques that interest groups use in attempting to influence public policy? What is a Political Action Committee? What makes an interest group powerful? Identify the legislation that has been enacted to regulate lobbyists. What is a collective good? Describe the free rider problem. Define party identification. Define a political party. What is the difference between an interest group and a political party? What are the functions of political parties? Identify the six eras of political parties and the characteristics of each. 1789-1828: the form ative years initial division: -federalists favored strong central gov greater powers over economy -democ ratic rep.-were opposed to concentrating power in the central government.

1828-1860: National Two-Party Rule -split amongst the democratic republicans allowed for the Whigs led by Andrew Jackson to win (later became known as todays democratic party) 1860-1896: The post-civil war period -a # of parties opposed to slavery joined forces to form the Rep. party. Major societal cleavage changed from the economy to that of slavery realigning election of 1860. North became largely democratic 1896-1932: The progressive movement -line of cleavage changed from the old civil war allegiances, based largely on slavery to economic division with the urban industrialized areas pitted against more rural interests, largely western and southern states. Period of electoral reforms that were enacted in relation to some of the perceived abuses of the patronage system. 1932-1968: The New Deal Coalition Line of cleavage changed to a more purely economic one have vs have nots, as well as the role of the central gov. Change in the majority of democratic party dominance. 1968-present: The Modern Era -realignment in the south has become a republican stronghold. Cultural issues have emerged as important factors in elections. The decline and resurgence in partisanship. Close comp. and division between the parties. An era of divided government. Define divided government. A situation in which one major party controls presidency and the other controls at least one of the chambers of congress Describe the major beliefs of the Democratic and Republican parties. Describe the sub-units of political parties. What are the major responsibilities of the national parties? What is the unit rule and what is its importance ? A rule by which all of a state's electoral votes are cast for the presidential candidate receiving a plurality of the popular vote In the party-in-the-electorate, what are the major differences between Democrats and Republicans? Why has the two-party system endured in the United States? What are the three ways in which third parties develop? Who was the last third party candidate to win more than five votes in the Electoral College? GEORGE WALLACE 1968 What role do minor parties play in U.S. politics?

What is a party realignment? What is the difference between primary elections and general elections? What are the differences among a closed primary, an open primary, and a blanket primary? What is a caucus? Open Primary- anyone of any political affiliation may vote Closed primary- only voters registered with that particular party may vote Blanket primary- voters may pick one candidate for each office without regard to party lines. What are the requirements to be eligible to be President? A Senator? A member of the House of Representatives? What is frontloading? the moving up of presidential primaries and caucuses by states, thereby increasing their influence in the selection of a party’s candidate. As a result, presidential nominees are often determined early in the election year. What is Super Tuesday? the Tuesday, typically in March, on which party members in over 20 states vote in primary elections to select their party's presidential candidate. What is the Electoral College? What are its Constitutional foundations? Constitution (article II, section I) specifies how many electors each state is entitled. What is a faithless elector ? a member of the electoral college who does not vote for the candidate for whom they pledged to vote. If no candidate wins a majority of the vote in the Electoral College, how is the Presidential election decided? The house of representatives decides who wins, with each state getting one vote, and voting until someone gets a majority of the votes. How does voter turnout differ between Presidential and off-year elections? Lower voter turn out What characteristics are associated with higher voter turnout? What is negative campaign advertising? Identify the major reasons that people do not turn out to vote. Describe the differences between an office-block ballot and a party column ballot… office block focuses on the individual candidate rather than the party (individual cubical in an office). Party column emphasizes the party placement rather than the individual candidate What occurs in straight-ticket voting? You vote for your parties candidates only What is an Australian ballot? The voter is anonymous. What is generally considered to be the earliest legislation dealing with campaign finance reform in the U.S.? What are the functions of the media?

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What is yellow journalism? sensationalistic/ irresponsible journalism What are the ways in which the media impacts political campaigns? What is a spin doctor? What is the impact of the media on the outcome of elections? What is the main theme of Federalist #10? factions General Terms agenda setting Australian ballot blanket primary caucus campaign assistance closed primary cognitive shortcuts consensus opinion dealignment Democratic Party direct lobbying techniques distribution of public opinion divided government divisive opinion Electoral College Era of Good Feelings factors affecting turnout free rider problem frontloading functions of the media functions of political parties general election historical basis of the two-party system indirect lobbying techniques interest group latent interest Literary Digest fiasco lobbying major types of interest groups (9) material incentives media national party convention negative campaign ads non-opinion office-block ballot open primary organization of political parties party-column ballot party identification party competition party convention party-in-the-electorate party-in-government party organization peer groups plurality Political Action Committees political knowledge political parties political socialization Presidential elections primary election proportional representation public interest group public opinion purposive incentive qualifications for office “rational ignorance” effect ratings realignment reasons for not voting Republican party run-off primary selective attention single interest group single-member district socialization agents solidary incentive sound bite

spin straight-ticket voting Super Tuesday third parties ticket-splitting two-party system unit rule Whig party winner-take-all election yellow journalism Constitutional Amendments First Twelfth Fourteenth Nineteenth Twenty-third

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