Properties of Light report 2022

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George Mason University *

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112

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Physics

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Jan 9, 2024

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Properties of Light: Lenses and Mirrors group report (answer sheet) In this lab you will make observations of what light does. You have probably learned that light travels in straight lines. Part 1: Getting to know the equipment 1. Describe the bench and its components. Click or tap here to enter text. 2. Set up the light source, and the ray table with the white screen on the side away from the light source. Arrange the components on the optical bench so that you can see light falling on the table and screen. What is meant by straight in terms of the path of light? Click or tap here to enter text. 3. Put a slit plate on a holder, place it in front of the light source and again observe and draw. Describe the path the light appears to take from the source to the screen. Click or tap here to enter text. 4. What path does light seem to take through the slits? Are the rays straight? Are they parallel? Explain with words and/or diagram. Click or tap here to enter text. 5. Move the slit plate closer to the light source then farther away. Then use the knob on the light box to turn the bulb slightly side to side, move the ray table and explain what you see in each case. Remember to vary one thing at a time to get an idea of what is happening. Click or tap here to enter text. Once you have a sense of how light travels through the slit plate, use the following procedure to systematically work through how the light behaves when you put lenses and mirrors in the path of a light ray. Part 2: Ray tracing Observe the light rays on the Ray Table. 1

6. How do the width and distinctness (i.e. sharpness) of each ray vary with its distance from the Slit Plate? (Do not move the Slit Plate and Component Holder to answer this question.) Click or tap here to enter text. 7. Set aside the Viewing Screen and Component Holder. Lower your head until you can look along one of the rays of light on the Ray Table. Where does the light originate? What path did it take in going from its point of origin to your eye? Try this for several rays. Click or tap here to enter text. 8. Replace the Viewing Screen and its Holder on the Optical Bench. Rotate the Slit Plate 90º to the left or the right. Rotate it slowly on its Component Holder, as if you were turning a knob, until the slits are horizontal. The Slit Plate should remain flush with the Component Holder and the position of the Holder should not be changed . Observe the slit images on the Viewing Screen. How did the width and the distinctness of the slit images change as the angle (i.e. the orientation) of the Slit Plate is changed from vertical to horizontal? Click or tap here to enter text. 9. Explain why you see changes when you rotate the slit plate. Think about light traveling in straight lines and remember how the light bulb and its filament are lined up with the slit plate. Draw a diagram illustrating how the width of a single slit image depends on the orientation of the Light Bulb filament with respect to the Slit Plate. Click or tap here to enter text. 10. You can use the fact that light propagates in a straight line to measure the distance between the Light Bulb filament and the center of the Ray Table. The rays that appear on the Ray Table originate from the Light Bulb filament of the Light Source. Since light travels in a straight line, you need only extend the rays backward to locate the position of the filament. 2

The vertical edge of this notch indicates the position of the filament . Filament Folded paper on ray table with center of table marked. Slit Plate Top view of ray tracing set up Get a piece of blank white paper from your instructor and fold it in half. Place the paper on the Ray Table, with the fold adjacent to the Slit Plate as shown above. Make a reference mark on the paper at the position of the center of the Ray Table. Using a pencil and the straightedge provided, trace the rays onto the paper. Make sure that the Ray Table is not too far from the light source. 11. Remove and unfold the paper. Use your pencil and the straight edge to extend each of the rays back to a common point of intersection. Label the position of the filament and the center of the Ray Table on your diagram. 12. Measure the distance between your reference mark and the point of intersection of the rays. Label this distance M 1 . M 1 = Click or tap here to enter text. 13. Use the metric scale on the side of the Optical Bench to measure the distance between the filament and the center of the Ray Table directly. Label this distance M 2 . M 2 = Click or tap here to enter text. 14. Are the distances you measured, M 1 and M 2, the same or different? What did you expect? Should the measurements be the same or not? Click or tap here to enter text. One of the concepts that this experiment illustrates is that light rays can be traced to their (apparent) origin. This concept will prove most useful in the following investigations of light interacting with mirrors and lenses. 3

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Part 3: Reflection from a mirrored surface We want to simulate light coming from a distant source in this part of the lab. Because the source is a long way away, the rays coming to us will be parallel or at least close to parallel. Fasten the parallel ray lens on a holder, with the slit plate in front of it. Adjust the distances so that the rays falling on the ray table are parallel. Put the concave surface of the Mirror on the table as shown below and arrange so that all the incident rays are reflected from the concave surface of the Mirror. 15. Measure the distance between the middle of the surface of the mirror and the point where the reflected light rays appear to converge. This is the focal length of the mirror. F mirror = Click or tap here to enter text. 16. Which type of telescope uses a mirror to gather light from celestial objects? If this mirror were used as the main mirror for such a telescope where would the image form? Click or tap here to enter text. Part 4: Lenses – cylindrical lens Replace the mirror with the Cylindrical Lens on the Ray Table so that all of the incident rays hit the flat surface of the lens. 4

17. Can you think of a case where you have observed light refraction? Give an example. Click or tap here to enter text. 18. What happens to the light when you replace the mirror with the cylindrical lens? Click or tap here to enter text. 19. Sketch the path of the light from before it gets to the lens, through the lens and after it exits. Can you see how it changes direction? Click or tap here to enter text. 20. Measure the focal lengths for the lens in both orientations on the ray table. F 1 - when flat side of lens faces light source, measure from center of curved side to the focal point F 1 = Click or tap here to enter text. F 2 - Curved side of lens faces light source, measure from center of flat side to focal point F 2 = Click or tap here to enter text. 21. Position the slit plate directly on the front of the light source and remove the holder and the parallel ray lens. Leave the lens on the ray table. Can you position the lens and ray table so that the rays are parallel after they pass through the lens? Make a prediction about how far from the source this should happen. What are your predictions about where the lens should be positioned to get parallel rays from the source. Click or tap here to enter text. 22. Set up the equipment and move the ray table back and forth until you get parallel rays for each orientation of the lens. How far from the source was the lens when you were able to get parallel rays? Does this match your prediction? Click or tap here to enter text. 23. How do you think the parallel ray lens that you used earlier in the investigation works? Click or tap here to enter text. 24. What type of telescope uses a lens to gather light? 5

Click or tap here to enter text. 25. List some of the differences between telescopes using mirrors and telescopes using lenses. Click or tap here to enter text. Conclusion question: You have examined how light appears to travel in straight lines…then how can you explain the behavior of light in a fiber where it appears to curve as the fiber bends? Click or tap here to enter text. 6

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