Lab Report 4

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Houston Community College *

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217

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Physics

Date

Jan 9, 2024

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Uploaded by Avizcaya

LAB 4: MAGNETIC FIELDS Alex Vizcaya, Humzah Kashif Texas A&M University College Station, TX 77843, US. Abstract This paper analyzes magnetic fields, specifically using two-dimensional magnetic field measurements to assess the effect of an aluminum and steel bar on the field. To compare and evaluate data, the direction of the magnetic field created by an earth magnet will be determined, as well as the impacts of the aluminum and steel bars. The report should include conclusions about the orientation of the magnets, a description of how the results were obtained, the relationship between magnetic field strength and position of a scan under the influence of the magnet, aluminum, and steel, and qualitative conclusions about how the magnetic field interacts with the two metals. Keywords: Magnetic, field, orientation, dimensions 1. Introduction Magnetic fields are the product of electrical charges and describe mathematically the magnetic influence of electrical charges, magnetic materials, and currents in the form of a vector field. The moving charges, or currents, that are generated, and affected by magnets, produce magnetic fields. Conclusions relating to the orientation of the magnets, plots of the magnetic field around the rare-earth magnet, description of how the results were determined, the relationship between magnetic field strength and position of a scan under the influence of the magnet, aluminum, and steel, as well as the qualitative conclusions on how the magnetic field interacts with the two metals should be developed by the end of the lab. The magnitude of the magnetic field can be solved for using the equation below: magnitude = √ x 2 + y 2 Equation 1 where x represents the x component, y the y component, of the magnetic field vector. 2. Experimental Procedure The first step in this lab is to plug in the laptop and run the MobaXterm program and open a new terminal. Then for the first part of the experiment, the magnet must be labeled on its ends for top, bottom, side A, and side B, which is important for consistency and gathering information regarding the orientation of the north and south poles of the magnet. Additionally, the Hall effect probe is used to measure the components of the magnetic field in the two dimensions of x, and y, and will be used through the CNC. Before running, the python file for running the magnet scan is edited to name the output file, set the scanning plot to be a 2D plot, and define the center of the scanning region for the CNC probe. The magnet is then placed in the center of the scanning area, the background measurements are taken, then the x and y components of the magnetic field are taken and uploaded to the data file. This is then followed by a scan of when side B faces up, and when side A is the left-hand side and side-B is the right-hand side. After this, scans and measurements will be saved with the aluminum and steel metal bars present with an orientation parallel to the magnet. Finally, after data collection, turn off everything and unplug all the connecting wires including the Hall effect probe plugged to the CNC machine.

3. Results and Analysis For the initial trial, it was paramount that we determine the poles of the magnet so we could therefore experiment with its properties accurately. Figure 1 shows the initial orientation that was chosen for the reference trial. It was decided that the face of the magnet facing up as shown in Figure 1 would be the most likely orientation for the magnetic poles. Figure 1 Magnet Facing Up It was quickly made apparent after referencing the output vector graph that we were incorrect in our original assumption ( Figure 2 ). We expected to find the defined whorls of the magnetic field displayed, clearly marking the pathways/direction of the magnetic field. Instead, we were presented with a uniform field of vector lines pointing to the magnet ( Figure 2 ). After some troubleshooting, we deduced that the flat side that was facing upwards was actually a pole. Therefore, our assumption that the poles were at the ends of the magnet were incorrect, Figure 2 Vector Graph for Magnet Facing Up

In order to verify that the poles were indeed the larger side faces of the magnet we adjusted the orientation so that the hypothesized magnetic fields would appear as a cross section ( Figure 3 ). Figure 3 Magnet on Side As expected, the outputted graph confirmed the fact that the wide faces of the magnet were the poles ( Figure 4 ). This is evidenced by the fact that the whorls of the magnetic are parallel to the plane of the jetson ( Figure 4 ). This orientation is the most optimal one for detecting deviations in the field we will be detecting for in the next 2 trials. Figure 4 Magnet On Side Vector Graph

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For our 3 rd trial, we tested the effect of an Aluminum Bar on the magnetic fields of the magnet. In order to accomplish this, we oriented the magnet with its poles parallel to the plane of the jetson, in accordance with the information from the 2 nd trial. Then we placed the aluminum bar next to it ( Figure 5 ). Figure 5 Magnet with Aluminum Bar As expected, the aluminum bar had no discernable effect on the magnetic fields of the magnet whatsoever ( Figure 6 ). Figure 6 Magnet with Aluminum Bar Vector Graph For the final trial, the magnet was oriented as it was in Trial 3 and an Iron Bar was placed in its vicinity ( Figure 7 ).

Figure 7 Magnet with Iron Bar Initially it is hard to discern a difference from the trial with the iron bar with the trial of the aluminum bar. However, after careful consideration of the data outputted in Figure 8 and comparing it to the Trial 3 outputted graph Figure 6 , the field vectors for the areas closest to the magnet were disrupted by the influence of the iron bar. Figure 8 Magnet with Iron Bar Vector Graph

4. Conclusion In this lab, we determined the poles of a magnet through multiple scanning trial with a magnetic probe, and after placing the magnet in the best orientation for data collection based on said trials, we tested the effect of different metals on the magnetic fields of the magnet. We discovered that the orientation of a magnet’s poles can vary wildly. Most depictions of a simple bar magnetic describe the poles as being on the 2 small ends of the bar, so it came to a surprise that our magnet’s faces were on the largest faces. Lastly, we discovered that the effects of nonmagnetic metals have no effect on magnetic fields, while magnetic metals do. While this was the expected result, the effects of the iron bar on the magnetic field of the magnet were much lower than was expected.

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