06_Study of Magnetic Fields_Lab (Sum 2022)-Online

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Apr 3, 2024

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1Magnetic Fields – Background and Theory Objective In this laboratory activity, students will study the magnetic field produced by a bar magnet. Additionally, students will study the electromagnetic coupling of current traveling in a solenoid. Theory It was demonstrated experimentally in the 19 th century that in the space, surrounding the electrical currents and permanent magnets, the magnetic field occurs. The following experimental facts were revealed: 1. Magnetic field acts only on moving charges. 2. The moving charges (currents) generate magnetic field. From this point of view the magnetic field cordially differs from the electric field, which acts on both immobilized and moving charges. When permanent magnets produce a magnetic field in the space around them, this field interacts with other magnetic fields through the forces of attraction and repulsion. If a magnet is allowed to freely rotate, one end will always point towards geographic north. This is because the Earth generates a magnetic field which interacts with the magnetic field of the magnet. The end of the magnet that points toward geographic north is called the north-seeking pole and the opposite end is called the south-seeking pole. Usually these ends are simply called the north and south poles. It can be demonstrated, that like poles repel each other and unlike poles attract each other. All magnets have a north and a south pole. If you break a bar magnet in half, each half still behaves like a complete (but weaker) magnet. You can continue breaking the pieces in half and never isolate a single pole. This suggests that atoms themselves are magnets. A compass is a small magnet which is balanced and whose north and south poles are marked. It can be used to detect the magnetic fields of other magnets or the magnetic field of the Earth. The magnetic field is characterized by the vector of magnetic induction ⃗ B - a vector, characterizing magnetic field, generated all by all currents and micro-currents. Since a current generates the magnetic field, a solenoid also becomes a magnet when a current I flows through it, and the field lines are quite similar to the ones of a bar magnet. Inside the solenoid the magnetic field in vacuum is nearly constant, and its magnitude is given by B = μ 0 ∋ ¿ l ¿ (Eq. 1)
Magnetic Fields Page 2 Here μ 0 = 4π·10 -7 H/m is the magnetic constant or permeability of free space, N is the number of windings in the solenoid, l is its length, I is the electrical current in the solenoid. Graphically, magnetic field (similar to electric field) is described by the magnetic field lines . The magnetic field lines have the following properties : The magnetic field vector ⃗ B is tangent to the magnetic field line at each point. The line has a direction, which is the same as that of the magnetic field vector (see Fig.1). The magnetic field lines are closed (no begins no ends) compared to the electric field lines. Fig.1. Magnetic field lines of the magnetic field created by a permanent magnet. Updated: Summer 2020
Magnetic Fields Page 3 Graphing Your Data *Note: You can use PASCO Capstone, Excel or other spreadsheet software that you are comfortable using to complete this task . One easy option is to use the following website: https://www.desmos.com/calculator You can simply follow the steps below to graph and export your data: 1. Highlight the columns of your table. Ctrl+C to copy. 2. Go to https://www.desmos.com/calculator 3. Ctrl+V to paste your data into the box. Your plotted points should automatically appear! If your points do not appear, you may need to insert a table and type them in manually. 4. Press the “ + “ button in the top left corner, then click “expression” Updated: Summer 2020
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Magnetic Fields Page 4 5. To create a new line of best fit, type in “ y1 ~ mx1+b” in the new field and your line should automatically fit to your data points. Slope is also automatically displayed in this box as “ m ” under Parameters. 6. To export your graph, you can screen shot, or just export graph by clicking the “Share Graph” button in the top-right corner of the graph. Click “Export Image” and download the image to insert into this report. 7. Attach your graphs on the last page of your lab report. Updated: Summer 2020
Magnetic Fields Page 5 Section: _____________ Name: ____________________ Magnetic Fields – Lab Report GOAL: (briefly state what experiment(s) will be performed and with what purpose) PROCEDURE 1: Magnetic Field of a bar magnet In this procedure you will be simulating the magnetic field produced by a bar magnet. As seen in figure 1, magnetic field lines always connect away from North toward South in a bar magnet. Using this information draw in the magnetic field lines for the bar magnets below. You can check your answers and see how magnetic field lines change with interacting bar magnets at the following websites: https://iwant2study.org/lookangejss/05electricitynmagnetism_20magnetism// ejss_model_MagneticBarFieldsecondmagnet06/MagneticBarFieldsecondmagnet06_Simulation.xhtml https://javalab.org/en/magnetic_force_en/ Note: You can use the draw functionality of Microsoft Word (available to you at no charge as a student), or you can use the software of your choice to markup the document after you have completed procedure 2 of this lab. 1. Updated: Summer 2020
Magnetic Fields Page 6 2. 3. Updated: Summer 2020
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Magnetic Fields Page 7 4. PROCEDURE 2: Magnetic Field Produced by a Solenoid In this procedure you will be simulating a magnetic field produced by a solenoid. For this procedure you can use the following java app: https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/faraday Alternatively, you can use this website to access a web app of the same simulation: https://archive.cnx.org/specials/70b14c10-ae73-11e5-8eb2-b7fbe0c5c7a4/faraday/#sim-electromagnet 1. Keep the default simulation values and use the “Show Field Meter” Option and inspect the magnetic field inside of the solenoid Updated: Summer 2020
Magnetic Fields Page 8 2. Make sure that the cursor of the field meter is inside of the solenoid. List the values shown in the field meter and calculate the Current that is flowing through the wire to produce the magnetic field * 100 G = 0.01 T B: 28.03 G => Convert to Tesla => 2.803*10^3 T N: 4 loops μ 0 : 4π·10 -7 H/m length: 0.001 m I = 0.5576 A 3. Measure the magnetic field intensity at each compass point to the left or right of the solenoid and fill the values in Table 1, as shown in the figure below: Updated: Summer 2020
Magnetic Fields Page 9 4. Graph the values of Magnetic Field intensity (y-axis) vs. Distance (x-axis) in order to visualize how the strength of a magnetic field decreases over distance from the source. (Refer to the “Graphing your Data” section of the theory and background for instructions on how this can be completed) 5. Attach your graph at the end of this report Table 1: Distance from solenoid (arbitrary units) Magnetic Field (Gauss) Magnetic Field (Tesla) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 CONCLUSION Evaluate your results and discuss the behavior of interacting magnetic fields from Procedure 1 Discuss how the magnetic field intensity changed with increasing distance from the solenoid in Procedure 2 ( Does it very directly with r, directly with the square of r, inversely with r, inversely with the square of r, inversely with the cube of r, etc.? Once you have completed the assignment, save your report as a PDF and upload using the blackboard submission on the lab course page (found under “Lab Online Submissions”): Updated: Summer 2020
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