lab 9

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Virginia Commonwealth University *

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202

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Physics

Date

Dec 6, 2023

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She Ymad ' e lano, U (\dsf‘j A tame Sreendiy Tadigadape. Loy portrer Jhny Majand, \ =Y Date \\) ql23 LN Quad & Seat M—QJ*}QM— GTA Name ouun CRN_fRRM2. Lab 9: Thermal Physics PHYS 2305 Learning Objectives By the end of this ab, you will be able to answer the following questions: . Iswork the only way of transferring energy into or out of a system? . it? When you touch an object that feels warm or cold, what does that tell you about it? In other words, what are You measuring? L] What is heat, and how is it related to temperature? Recommended background reading Knight, Chapter 10 Lab 9: Thermal Physics 149 L__— IREIRERERERFEERIE SR 2 2 -

1. Heat Elevator 1.1 Beginning-of-Lab Tasks 1 Prepare your lab station. ate the setup shown in Fi gure ' LT ‘J Figure 9. 1: A tated experimental set 1. The steam generator should be two-thirds full of water. |f the water in your steam generator is below this level, use the plastic cups at your station to transfer water from Lab 9: Thermal Physics 154 ERTREE PR L E L L2

the DI water containers to the steam generator. The DI water containers are in the central aisle of the lab room. 2. Turnon the steam generator. Turn the dial to setting “8. 3. Place the temperature probe plt jgged into Channel B into the cold-water bath. Place the temperature probe plugged into Channel C into the hot water bath. 4. Fillup one of the styrofoam cups at your station with ice. Ice is in the coolers in the lab room's central aisle. 5. Place a 50-g mass on top of the elevator. Ensure the string attached to the hanging mass is draped over the pulley. 6. Ensure that the left shut-off valve is open and the right shut-off valve is closed. In other words, the left tube should be unpinched by the valve, and the right tube should be pinched by the valve. 7. Lastly, ensure that the piston is fully lowered, as shown in Figure 9. 1. If the piston is not fully lowered, open the right shut-off valve, push the piston downward, and then close the right shut-off valve, 2. Open Capstone. From the computer's desktop, open the Class Notes folder. Navigate to the following directory: Class Notes (HHN 103)> 2305 Setup files > Lab 9 - Thermal Physics. Open the Lab 9.capfile. 3. Periodically save your data. You should periodically save your Capstone data to avoid losing it if the program crashes. To save your data, select File in the top menu bar and then select Save Experiment As. Save your experiment (i.e., Capstone file) to the Downloads folder. Lab 9: Thermal Physics 155

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1.2 Activity: Operating the Heat Elevator * System 1:either the hot- or 4 i : * System 2:the 1 ot Elevator + the Fay . J ahollow alumin Im T g 1t system.) ) S Procedure 1.2.1 In Capstone, navigate to the Part 1: Cold to Hot tab and the bottom of the screen are digital readouts of three real-time Measurements: The change in the height of the Heat Elevator, the temperature of the cold-water bath, and the temper a?uv'e of the hot-water bath, At the top of the screen is agraph plotting the height of the Heat click Record to start taking data. At While you wait for the hot-water bath to reach the target temperature, fill the styrofoam cup halfway with water. This is your cold-water bath. Add a few ice cubes to the cold-water bath and stir with the Cold temperature probe until the ice has melted. Repeat this procedure until the temperature of the cold-water bath is below 2°C. Remove any un-melted ice cubes with your fingers. Place the aluminum cylinder in the cold-water bath. When the temperature hot-water bath reaches or exceeds 96°C, do the following: 1. In Capstone, click Stop and then Record to start collecting a new data set, 2. Turn off the steam generator. Measure the initial temperature of the hot-water bath and record that value. 3. Transfer the aluminum cylinder from the cold-water to the hot-water bath. Hold the aluminum cylinder in place with the tongs. 4. Continuously stir the hot-water bath with the Hot temperature probe. 156 Lab 9: Thermal Physics

6. Click Aut einther ' bar bar al herar 7””'\\' top recording Screenshot Take a screenshot of your data using the Snipping Tool in Windows and save the scr eer to the Downloads folde 1shot r.Include this screenshot in your assignment submission, Procedure 1.2.2 InCapstone, navigate to the Part 2: Hot to Cold tab, At the top of the screen is graph plotting the change in the Heat Elevator's height vs. time, In the middle of the screen s a graph plotting the temperature of the cold-water bath vs. time. 1. InCapstone, click Record to start taking data. 2. Stir the cold-water bath until its temperature stops changing 3. Transfer the aluminum cylinder from the hot-water bath to the cold-water bath. Hold the aluminum cylinder in place with tongs. 4. Continuously stir the cold-water bath with the Cold temperature probe, 5. When the elevator stops moving, measure both the change inthe elevator's height and the cold-water bath's final temperature. Record those values, 6. Click Autoscale in the menu bar above each graph. 7. Click Stop to stop recording data. Screenshot Take a screenshot of your data using the Snipping Tool in V\/Jn@ows and save_th_e screenshot to the Downloads folder. Include this screenshot in your assignment submission. 157 Lab 9: Thermal Physics

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| e ——— N —————————EEE S Rial M A fi/\\__,_- 0.0377m | - 86.0°C

Analysis Question 1.1: Wt hot-water bath Part 1), did the tot decrease, or stay the same? Explain If the total er iergy of the heat elevator ct anged, where did tt forms of energy char iged in the system? How could you tell? e energy come from, and what ™2 toray N \nareased AU Yo Moy anal enargy Wnieh was an Lxterinal Lor m ol (),V\.Q/“f"h’ e Hror ENUYY LWOS Rpan Wne gk wouter, rmad Question 1.2: Based on your answer to Question 1.1, what happened to the energy of the hot-water bath when the elevator was rising? Did it increase, decrease, or stay the same? Explain. e enereyy of Hag Wotr woner boat, decreased, as Yae Yernnal ey conerted e SN causing ‘e Llevador Yo rise. Lab 9: Thermal Physics 158

Question 1.3: In Part 1 of the experiment, when the elevator was rising, you held the aluminum cylinder in place in the water bath. During this time, did the water bath do work on the Heat Elevator + Earth system? Explain. No, any Fnouo rore s oo tveunsler ym Warnmal eNAIYY, ore Was No trounaler ¢, e o ca) Qv\ay-sjg (Looevk) Lab 9: Thermal Physics 159

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being doni m. This mear ides work.Heat i ts environ Therefore, there are at least twoways of transferring energy into or out of a system: mechanically, through work, and thermally, through heat. Question 1.4: When you transferred the aluminum cylinder from the hot-water to the cold- water bath (Part 2), was energy thermally transferred into or out of the Heat Elevator+Earth system? Explain. If so, where did this energy come from or go to? Question 1.5: Based on what you observed in Parts 1 and 2 of the experiment, formulate a rule for when energy is transferred into or out of a system by heat. In other words, under what conditions and in what direction will energy be thermally transferred between two systems? Support your rule with observations you made during the experiment. EV\.M/‘C)U} Aounslers \ndo or out o e YSiem R Petrts OF Vg U are difterent +omperotu S, M wtl\ \cee o "nrans(‘—ew\v\% wattl M are Lven *omp exochune S, Wor +a eo\d: gur of ¥ne AT 0\A Yo ok ! (Avo e SYsem Lab 9: Thermal Physics 160

e ———— 2. Ice Cubes on Tiles 2.1 Preparing your lab station Replicate the setup shown in Figure 9. 2: Figure 9. 2: Ceramic and met al tiles with O rings. The ceramic tile is tileis on the right. on the left, and the metal 2.2 Temperature of Tiles Prediction 2.1: Touch each tile. Does one feel colder than the other? Predict how the temperatures of the tiles compare to each other. The metrad e Leors conder Houn Yre cereumic Hig i 161 Lab 9: Thermal Physics

Procedure 2.2 1 Measure temperature in Cel< n Fat L g Fahrenhe 0 Ce Please be courtec us and DO NOT point the nfrared Thermr classmates, espec ially with the laser turned or YO e ce < 214 wetal: 20° 2.3 Melting Ice Cubes on Tiles Prediction 2.2: You're going to place ice cubes on both tiles. Before you do, predict which ice cube will melt faster: the ice cube on the ceramic tile or the ice cube on the metal tile? Why? e cevamie e OV WAt Ve (co Caster necause - \hos o Wgwer lenngeroatu e, Procedure 2.3.1 Place one ice cube on each tile and observe what happens. Analysis Question 2.1: Suppose you left the ice cubes in contact with the tiles for a few hours. What measurable quantity would the ice cube (water) and the tile share? Explain. The tomperafure of e (oo cwbe/ Lo & ynp e WOMd e Hhe SOMe (o wased On ouY vule before, Y Y&onperorures (il Onue 4o trewnster unttl Wy are exen. Lab 9: Thermal Physics 162

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Question 2.2: Supy To completely melt an ice cube, d energy into the ice cube as the ceramic tile e meral hle tvanshevied W same cumount of g ray WD Mag \Ce cune AL Hhe ceroumve hle be cause Haeu bc-HJx N Yo end used Yo Same ampount ob enerey 4@‘ couge ‘W\L‘K‘& Cukbe 42 melr cdtroughh Jr{LcU ad so (\(L; Yo difrerent rodes. Question 2.3: Why do you think the ice cube on the metal tile melted more quickly than on the ceramic tile? pBeatuse Hre vietal fle has oo Greoter conduckity o e eretmic hle |, ohich ollowred e Mook o vonster ak o Loster rade. Question 2.4: When you touch an object, and you describe the object as being warm or cold, what physical attribute of the object are you describing? Heor s e paysiead CrbmioUte of Wre olg)ect Wwe are descriloing . Lab 9: Thermal Physics 163

3. Fire Piston Procedure 3.1 3. Pullthe plunger to the top line of the tube, as shown in Figure 9. 3. Never pull the plunger out of the tube. Figure 9. 3: Experimental setup used for Section 3: Fire Piston. The fire piston is shown on the right, and the bag of cotton is shown on the left. 4. Clean out any cotton in the tube by using the meal cleaning rod. 5. Inthe plastic bag by the Fire Piston are balls of cotton. Pull off a few strands of cotton from the ball. This experiment will not produce the desired effect if you use too much cotton. 6. Insert the strands of cotton into the inner chamber of the Fire Piston, as shown in Figure 9. 4. You may need to use the metal cleaning rod to push the cotton into the tube. Lab 9: Thermal Physics 164

Figure 9. 4: Loading strands of cotton into the fire pistor 7. Screw the base back on. Place the tube on the table in the upright position. The cotton should be resting on the base, as shown in Figure 9. 5. 8. Hold the base of the tube firmly with one hand. Place the heel of your other hand on the plunger, as shown in Figure 9. 6. Figure 9. 5: Stands of cotton that have been prope Lab 9: Thermal Physics 165

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*1 : Figure 9. 6: Hold the fire piston while pushing down on the plunger. 9. Forcefully and rapidly push the plunger into the tube. 10. If nothing spectacular happened, consult your lab instructor for guidance. Lab 9: Thermal Physics 166

Analysis Question 3.1: W e teumn PeMUKe of win, AAS \n Hre nSide ok Y (’n'e Piston \ncre ases, Question 3.2: When nside the piston? You rapidly push ed the piston dow Explain. If so, did this work transfer ene Aused 1.:\5 Hie push cndp e p\s¥en og oY a distanceg (Loor\’»).‘(\/\\g Y g Mo o8, We rano) enevgy, transferred into or out of the system by heat? In other words, do you need toheat an object toraise the object's temperature? Explain. No, QoW can also hea+ oNnoHos~ SYSeM A Wae object Aooe 4 over. Now con also hwood N oje Pressure ovoung . Lab 9: Thermal Physics 167

4. Reflection Question 4.1: “ \"u"(h‘ Q US g ‘T/C‘\”\SC'JJ‘ ~) Wravoral o o O VYW NN 5 ° Heax s diMerent N A TP Work, as work \S Hae ey = c . > reunsher ok W‘»C(\z\(/n\r(vql = NN T - F8e 3 MﬂYd‘j- lf;rf\(://(gt-h{.'(d S S\{\(\\q\% JU‘“F F YO MRS voay Plss, g PvocesSS ofF hooh P Y J {ugt reusiag Vg e perody e Were ore o\ woays o b\ocfi\,\aj N Object doesnyt req Liipe o] L & ok wp an doye ot 5. End-of-Lab Tasks 1. Clean up. Out of respect for the students and TAs that will use this lab station after you, please clean up your lab station. Follow the Lab Station Clean-up Instructions on Canvas for this lab. 2. Take a picture of your lab station. Take a picture of your lab station to document your clean-up efforts. You will need to include it in your submission for this assignment. 3. Save your files. Upload any saved screenshots or pictures to a cloud storage service. Verify that your files have been successfully uploaded by downloading and opening them. Restart the lab computer. This will delete any files you saved to the computer and log you out of any accounts you signed into during this session. Lab 9: Thermal Physics 168

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