PHY Milestone One

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Dec 6, 2023

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Emily Donahue November 12, 2023 PHY-101 3-2 Milestone One: Force and Motion Analysis Step Selection The step in my Rube Goldberg device that I will be analyzing is the fourth step. In this step, a ball rolls down an incline. The previous step includes a beam on an axle that begins to spin to collide with the ball. This causes the ball to roll down the incline and collide with another stationary beam on an axle to cause it to spin. Selected Step Initial Velocity Newton’s first law of motion dictates that an object at rest remains at rest unless acted on by an unbalanced force. This can be observed in my device as the ball is at rest until the spinning beam sets it into motion. The initial velocity of the ball in this step is 0 m/s since there is no outside force acting upon it at the beginning. An initial velocity of 0 m/s tells us that the ball is in inertia at rest until the previous step sets it in motion. The beam spinning exerts a force that the ball matches with an equal and opposite force. This is supported by Newton’s third law of action and reaction. (NASA, n.d.)

Velocity and Force Calculations I can calculate the change in velocity of the ball by subtracting the initial velocity from the final velocity. The final velocity can be determined by dividing displacement by time. The displacement is the length of the incline the ball rolled down, which was 1.817 m, and the time was 2.14 s. Therefore, the final velocity was 1.817 m / 2.14 s = 0.85 m/s. Since the initial velocity is 0 m/s, the change in velocity is 0.85 m/s. Newton’s second law states that force is equal to the change in momentum per change in time. I can determine the force acting on the ball by multiplying the mass of the ball by its acceleration. The mass of the ball is 0.748 kg. The acceleration can be determined by multiplying the acceleration of gravity (9.8 m/s 2 ) by sinθ. The angle of the incline is 20.8°, so the acceleration is 3.48 m/s 2 . Thus, the force acting on the ball is 0.748 kg * 3.48 m/s 2 = 2.60 N. (NASA, n.d.)

Sources NASA. (n.d.) Newton’s Laws of Motion. Glenn Research Center. https://www1.grc.nasa.gov/beginners-guide-to-aeronautics/newtons-laws-of- motion/#newtons-first-law-inertia

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