PH01_Mapping Electric Fields_rev

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Old Dominion University PHYS 112 & PHYS 227/232/262 Lab Manual 1 OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY PHYS 112 PHYS 227/232/262 PH01 – MAPPING ELECTRIC FIELDS Submitted By: 1. Farouk Omotosho 2. Philip Froicu 3. Gabriel Bowers Submitted on Date 09/12/2023 Lab Instructor Daniel Barton

2 Experiment PH01: Mapping Electric Fields Introduction In this experiment we are studying the relationship between the voltage, potential and the electrical fields that arise from the conductors that construct a surface. To study this relationship, we first used some copper tape to make a circle, parallel lines, and two dots on three separate pieces of conductive paper. Then we sent voltage through the copper tape using a voltmeter, which would be onto the paper. Using a power supply and test leads, we first determined how the potential changed across the conductive paper. By using the voltmeter we were able to determine where specific values of charge occurred and then used the test leads to find equipotential contour lines. And the differing locations of those lines also represented the difference in electrical potential between the charge values. The electric fields made by the copper tape were shown by drawing the lines of the electric field as perpendicular to the equipotential surface with colored pencils on a xy-plane, following the direction of the steepest drop-off of potential. Data Analysis The purpose of this experiment was to create a visual representation of the electric field by using copper tape and conductive paper. The lab was performed with test leads and a voltmeter. By using these two tools it was possible to create a diagram that roughly showed the changing magnitude of the electric field at different points on the conductive paper. Part A: Point Charge

Old Dominion University PHYS 112 & PHYS 227/232/262 Lab Manual 3 In the first part of the experiment, 10 volts were applied to the system of an outer circle and a dot in the middle, which created a point charge. The negative test lead was applied to the center circle. The outer circle had a radius of roughly 8 centimeters. The electric field ran from the point charge to the outer circle. As the radius from the center increased, the electric potential decreased. This can also be seen with the equation given in the lab journal: . 𝑉 = 𝑘 ? ? Where V is the electric potential and r is the radius from the point charge. Part B: Parallel Lines In the second part of the experiment, 10 volts were applied to the two parallel lines shown above. The parallel lines were 10 centimeters apart and 16 centimeters in length. The electric field runs from the top plate to the bottom plate and the electric potential decreases as the field approaches the bottom plate. Towards the edges of the plates the field begins to run outward and away from the other plate. Part C: Dipole

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4 Experiment PH01: Mapping Electric Fields In the last part of the experiment, 10 volts were applied to the two dots with the negative lead being placed on the left one. The arrangement of the copper dots creates a dipole, with the electric field traveling from the right dot to the left dot. The electric potential creates a circular path through the electric field lines that increase with radius as the electric field takes a less and less direct path from one dot to the other. Part B: Calculation of Electric Field | 𝐸 | ≈ |∆ 𝑉 / 𝑑 | ≈ | 3V/.05m | ≈ 60 V/m This is the calculation for the question in Part B that asked to find the strength of the electric field in the middle of the parallel lines. E is the electric field, V is the electric potential, and d is the distance between one line and the center of the system. Since the distance between both lines was 10 centimeters, d is equal to 5 centimeters or 0.05 meters. The measured voltage at the center was 3 volts. With these values, the electric field is roughly 60 V/m. Conclusion The results of each part of the experiment were consistent with the theory. For part A, which had us make a circle with copper tape, there was very little change in the potential difference at different angles. The potential difference properly followed the trend of decreasing while radial distance increased. Next, for part B we made parallel lines with the copper tape. Results for this part were also consistent with the theory, with potential difference hardly changing despite differing electrode positions while slightly increasing with growing perpendicular distance. Part C was consistent with the behavior of a dipole, as intended; potential difference is increased as charge difference is increased. And even if the potential difference between the electrics was increased the shape of the electric field lines would not change. This is because the distribution of each field line will remain the same, only having a larger charge value. Although the experiment went well, we noticed that there were a few sources of error. One of the sources of error was the volt meter not being able to output a constant charge, which prevented us from making completely accurate readings. Another source of error appeared when making the circle with the copper tape. Since the tape is straight and it is difficult to make a precise circle without proper tools or machinery, our circle was not perfect, meaning that the radius was not consistent throughout the circle. If this experiment is to be performed again, then these errors can be minimized if a new, tested voltmeter and a guideline for the circle are provided.

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