Linear Thermal Expansion

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Stephen F Austin State University *

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1101

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Physics

Date

Oct 30, 2023

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pdf

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4

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XXXX Lab Partner: Brenna Ashley Physics 1101 Linear Thermal Expansion 11/15/22
Purpose Linear thermal expansion ( ) is the amount by which a unit of material increases when α the temperature is raised by one degree. The purpose of this lab is to calculate of an α unknown metal by observing how the material expands and contracts with temperature. The calculated value can then be compared against other known values to identify α α the unknown metal. Equipment ● Beaker ● (2) Rubber Tube ● (2) Wooden Blocks ● Expansion Tube and Stand ● Metal Rod ● Meter Stick ● Micrometer ● Steam Generator ● Thermometer Procedure Assembling Measure the length of the rod and record its initial temperature assuming Apparatus the rod is initially at room temperature. Set up the expansion tube and zero the micrometer. Make sure the Steam Generator is approximately ¾ full and close it with the rubber stopper. Connect the rubber hose from the Steam Generator to the Expansion Tube. Connect the second tube to the opposite side of the Steam Generator and put the other end into the beaker to catch the drainage. Let the metal rod heat until the thermometer stops showing an increase in temperature. Record this temperature in the table and check the micrometer to get your change in rod length and record this value as well (be sure to note the scale on the micrometer). Calculate for the rod. α Tables T₀ = 23 ℃ L₀ = 23.6 in T₁ = 97 ℃ L₁ = 23.6 in ΔT = 74 ℃ ΔL = .032 in
Calculations ΔT [Copper] α = ∆𝐿/𝐿ₒ (. 032 𝑖𝑛)/(23. 6 𝑖𝑛 × 74 ℃) = 1. 8 × 10 −5 ℃ Questions 1) How much will a 1.0 m copper wire expand if heated from 20 ℃ to 30 ℃ ? 1.7x10 ⁻ ⁴ m using the formula ΔL = ⍺ L ₀ ΔT 2) When an iron ring is heated, what happens to the size of the hole? It would expand 3) If glass is expanded more than mercury, how would the temperature have to change for the column of mercury in a mercury thermometer to rise? The temperature would have to decrease 4) Which expands the most per unit length when the temperature is increased: copper, steel, or brass? How do you know? Brass, the coefficient of linear expansion equals 2.0x10 ⁻ ⁵ in comparison to copper with 1.7x10 ⁻ ⁵ and steel of 1.2x10 ⁻ ⁵ 5) Keeping in mind the linear expansion of steel, what time of year should one construct a barbed wire fence to have the strongest fence all year long? Why? Summer, because it would tighten in Winter rather than getting loose and falling apart. 6) In general, do all states of matter expand? Why? Yes, an increase in temperature excites molecules causing them to expand. In addition, the Principle of Expansion states that materials expand or contract when subjected to changes in temperature. 7) Which expands more: a solid, liquid, or gas? Gas 8) Do all forms of thermal expansion occur in a piece of metal such as iron? Yes 9) Why is there a gap (expansion joint) in bridges and railroad tracks? Because the tracks expand in hot weather 10) When an aluminum sphere is heated, is its volume more likely or less likely to expand? More likely
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Conclusion Thermal expansion means an increase in the volume of material as its temperature increases. With a calculated coefficient of linear expansion value of the 1. 8 × 10 −5 ℃ identity of the unknown material was determined to be copper. Ultimately, minor differences between calculated and measured data have deemed this lab successful.

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