PHYS1201 Lab 3-Singlar

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SUNY Empire State College *

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1201

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Physics

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Feb 20, 2024

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Lab Assignment 3: Charles’ Law and Entropy Instructor’s Overview In this lab, we will turn our attention to two topics related to thermal energy: We will execute an experiment that explores Charles’ Law which states that, if pressure is held constant, the temperature of the gas is directly proportional to the volume of the gas. We will explore a profound consequence of the second law of thermodynamics - the concept of entropy. To accomplish this we will carry out an experiment using dice as our test vehicle. This lab is based on elements of Lab 15 and Lab 18 of your eScience Lab kit. We will be performing the following experiments: Experiment 1 of Lab 15 Experiment 2 of Lab 18 including Prelab questions 2 and 3 Take detailed notes as you perform the experiment and fill out the sections below. This document serves as your lab report. Please include detailed descriptions of your experimental methods and observations. What you’ll need for this lab activity From the eScience kit Styrofoam cup Stopwatch Thermometer 10 ml sealable syringe and graph paper (Found in the Ideal Gas Law baggie). Dice (Found in Second Law of Thermodynamics baggie). JWH 1 Physics II
You provide Crushed ice Pencil Water Experiment Tips : Exercise care when working around hot water. In the Charles's law lab, use the tip of the rubber stopper in the syringe for your volume reading: Please execute multiple trials with the cold and hot water baths. Gently push in the stopper of the syringe and let the volume return to equilibrium. Then record the volume in the provided table. Date : 1/18/24 JWH 2 Physics II
Student : Katelyn Singlar Abstract Introduction Material and Methods Lab 15 Experiment 1: Charles’ Law Results/Observations Enter your data in the following table and record your observations: Trial Temperature ( C) Volume (mL) Initial volume Room temperature = ___ Hot water trial 1 Hot water trial 2 Hot water trial 3 Hot water trial 4 Hot water trial 5 Cold water trial 1 Cold water trial 2 Cold water trial 3 Cold water trial 4 Cold water trial 5 Lab 15 Experiment 1: Charles’ Law – Analysis and Discussion Based on your experimental results, please answer the following questions: 1. What happened to the volume of gas when the syringe was exposed to various temperature conditions? Using the concepts explored in the JWH 3 Physics II
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Introduction, describe why this occurred, keeping in mind the definition of temperature. 2. Plot your volume and temperature data in Excel. Temperature (remember to use degrees Celsius) should be on the x-axis and volume (mL) on the y-axis. Perform a linear regression on your volume vs. temperature data in Excel. Refer to the Module 1 instructor commentary on linear regression for guidance. Insert your Excel plot below: 3. Why can you assume a linear relationship (a straight-lined slope)? 4. Using your linear regression equation set Y (volume) equal to zero and solve for X (temperature). Show your work below: 5. At what temperature does your line intersect the x-axis (temperature axis)? 6. Is your measurement of absolute zero close to the actual value (-273 °C)? Calculate a percent error. How might you change the experiment to get closer to the actual value? 7. Would it be possible to cool a real gas down to zero volume? Why or why not? What do you think would happen before that volume was reached? Lab 18 Experiment 2: Probability of States Results/Observations Enter your data in the following tables: Note : k is the Boltzmann constant, 1.38 x 10 -23 J/K. Prelab Question 2 - Microstate Data for 2 Dice Macrostate Possible Microstates (Dice Combinations) Number of Microstates ( ) Entropy S = k ln( ) 2 36 3 216 4 1296 5 7776 6 46656 7 279936 JWH 4 Physics II
8 1679616 9 10077696 10 60466176 11 362797056 12 2176782336 Prelab Question 3 - Macrostate Probability Data Macrostate Probability of Rolling Macrostate 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Insert your graph of probability vs. macrostate below. I suggest using the column chart graph type in Excel. Lab 18 Experiment 2 – Dice Macrostate Probability Data – 100 Trials Macrostate Number of Occurrences (Tally Marks) Total Occurrences 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 JWH 5 Physics II
10 11 12 Lab 18 Experiment 2: Probability of States – Analysis and Discussion Based on your experimental results, please answer the following questions: 1. Create a graph of the number of occurrences of each macrostate. For consistency, I suggest using the column chart graph type in Excel. Insert the graph below. How does this graph compare to the graph you created in Pre- Lab Question 3? 2. Given your data for one hundred rolls, calculate the probability of rolling one specific macrostate. How does this compare to the percentages you calculated in Pre-Lab Question 3? To answer this question, fill in the following table. Note : Your experimental probability percentage for each macrostate is simply the observed tally since we executed 100 trials. Macrostate Theoretical Probability * Experimental Probability Percent Difference 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 * From the table in Prelab question 3. 3. If you repeated this experiment four times, would you expect similar results? Why or why not? JWH 6 Physics II
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4. How would your results be different if you rolled the dice fifty times? Five hundred times? Optional extra credit experiment Procedure 1. Place 24 coins face-up on a large tray. 2. Move the tray up and down rapidly to jostle the coins. 3. Carefully count and record the number that are still face-up. 4. Repeat steps 2-3 for a total of 15 trials. 5. Transfer your data into Excel and plot the results.  Your plot should have “count” for the y-axis and “trial number” on the x-axis.  The plot should show the number of heads and the number of tails for each trial, including the initial state of 24 heads and 0 tails. Insert your plot in the lab report and answer the questions below. Excel plot Question 1 : After starting with an “ordered” set in step 1, how likely do you think it is to arrive back in a state of “order” after shaking the tray numerous times (i.e., end with all heads or all tails)? Completely unlikely. No matter how many times the tray was shaken, it is completely unlikely that all the coins would ever return to a heads-up orientation again. Question 2 : How does this experiment demonstrate the concept of entropy? In a closed system, entropy (disorder) will tend to increase, which is exactly what happened here. The experiment started with a high degree of order (low entropy) and ended with a lower degree of order (higher entropy). JWH 7 Physics II
Conclusions References None Required JWH 8 Physics II

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