Physics 2 Lab 1 Report

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Feb 20, 2024

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Tori Groves and Jr Predelli 01/22/2024 Measuring the Speed of Sound with an Oscilloscope Physics 22 Experiment 1 Lab Report Spring 2024 Purpose: In this lab, we will be able to learn how to make measurements with an oscilloscope and use the counting method to improve accuracy. This will allow us to measure voltage and period of an input signal, and determine the frequency of a signal. We will also utilize these skills to measure the distance it takes for sound to travel a set number of oscillations, calculate the wavelength error, and determine the speed of sound in air and compare it with the theoretical value for an ideal gas. Materials: - Oscilloscope - Speaker - Microphone - Ruler - Track Diagram:

Procedure: Part A: 1. Open Capstone and turn the Signal Generator on before the first measurement. Turn on the oscilloscope. 2. Find the VOLTS/Div button for channel 1 with yellow markings, and turn the dial all the way to the left to make the height of the signal as small as possible. 3. Find the small dial above the Time dial and rotate it back and forth and observe the signal produced. Describe what you see. 4. Adjust the signal until the peak is centered, and locate the number of volts represented by each box on the graph at the bottom left of the screen. Determine amplitude. 5. Adjust the VOLTS/Div dial by rotating it to the left until 5 Volts appear in the bottom left. Remeasure the maximum amplitude and record it. Is this value more accurate than the one taken before? 6. Repeat step 5 with 2 Volts and 1 Volt. At 1 Volt, describe what you see, and can you take an amplitude reading? 7. Return the Volts to 2, find the number at the bottom of the screen that says 5 μs. Adjust the TIME/Div dial by moving it to the left until the bottom says 25 μs. Desire what happens to the peaks. 8. Determine the period of this wave signal and record it. 9. Turn the dial to the right until 10 μs appears. Measure the period and record it. Is this more accurate than the last calculation? 10. Repeat step 9 at 5 μs and 2.5 μs. At 2.5, describe what you see and explain if you can measure the period of this wave signal. 11. Return the dial to 5 μs, and locate the number at the bottom right (frequency), record it. 12. Using the value of the period at 5 μs, calculate the frequency of the wave signal and the percent difference between the calculated and measured value of the frequency. Part B: 1. Put the speaker and microphone close together, and make sure the frequency is about 40,000 Hz, and record it. Use a measurement error of 0.5 Hz. 2. Record the initial temperature, and use a measurement error of 0.05 ◦ C. Set the microphone as close to the speaker and then move the microphone 2 cm away from it. 3. Make sure the signal from the microphone and frequency generator overlap and record the initial position with a measurement error of 1 mm. 4. Move the microphone away from the speaker until they are four wavelengths apart and record the new position. Calculate the value of one wavelength with error using Min/Max. 5. Predict the position of the microphone if it were placed ten wavelengths away. 6. Repeat steps 4 and 5 for ten, twenty, forty, and fifty wavelengths. After, record the final frequency and temperature with error.

7. Using Min/Max, calculate the average frequency and temperature with the most probable error. 8. Using Min/Max, calculate the speed of sound with the most probable error and the speed of sound for an ideal gas with the most probable error. 9. Compare the speed of sound determined experimentally with the speed of sound predicted by thermodynamics, and calculate the percent error if the values are not within the range of error. Experimental Data: Part A: Volts Amplitude (μs) 10 5 5 5 2 5 1 5 Distance (μs) Period (μs) 25 25 10 25 5 25 2.5 25 Measured Frequency at 5 μs 40.0004 kHz Calculated Frequency at 5 μs 40.0000 kHz Questions: 6. When we moved the Time dial, the screen looked like it was zooming in and out. 9. When we were at 5 Volts, this value was more accurate than the measurement taken at 10 Volts, and it was easier to read. 10. When we were at 2 Volts, this value was more accurate than the measurement taken at 5 Volts because it became more zoomed in.

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11. At 1 Volt, we initially could not take an amplitude reading at this setting because we could not see the peak, but we were able to move our x-axis down in order to see. The screen was very zoomed in. 13. At 25μs, the peaks of the waves became more narrow, and there were more on the screen that you could see. The frequency increased. 15. The value taken at 10 μs was more accurate than the one taken at 25 μs. 16. The value taken at 5 μs was more accurate than the one taken at 10 μs. 17. At 2.5 μs, we could not initially measure it, since it was off the screen, but we were able to shift the screen horizontally and move the peak into the middle in order to see it better. The waves were very wide. 19. f = 1/T = 1/25 = 0.04 Hz = 40 kHz 20. Percent Difference of frequencies at 5 μs: (Measured-Calculated) / Average * 100% = (40.0004-40.0000) / 40.0002 * 100% = 0.001 Part B: Initial Frequency: 40,005.0 Hz ± 0.5 Hz Initial Temperature: 20.50 °C ± 0.05 °C Final Frequency: 40,005.0 Hz ± 0.5 Hz Final Temperature: 20.50 °C ± 0.05 °C Wavelengths Position (mm) Predictions (mm) X0 2 ± 1 NA X4 93 ± 1 NA X10 146 ± 1 132.5 ± 1 X20 232 ± 1 265 ± 1 X40 406 ± 1 530 ± 1 X50 517 ± 1 662.5 ± 1 Calculations for Predictions: 146-93/4 = 13.25 For X10, 13.25 *10 = 132.5 For X20, 13.25 *20 = 265 For X40, 13.25*40 = 530 For X50, 13.25*50 = 662.5 All Calculations:

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Results and Conclusion: In this experiment part A, we were able to use an oscilloscope to look at different amplitudes by changing the number of Volts and different periods by changing the distance. In part B, we were able to calculate the distance of a wavelength with probable error. We measured the distance of four, ten, twenty, forty, and fifty wavelengths. Using the data, we were able to determine the experimental and theoretical values for the speed of sound by using the Min/Max method along with other equations. The experimental value was 88.811 m/s ± 1.601 m/s, and the theoretical value was 348.428 m/s ± 0.035 m/s. The percent error calculated between these two values was 74.5%. This may be a higher error than normal due to the fact that our wavelength position measurements were pretty high. Overall, we were successful in learning how to make measurements with an oscilloscope and using the counting method to improve accuracy. Error Analysis: One of the errors in this experiment could have been that we could have incorrectly adjusted the VOLTS/Div dial or the TIME/Div dial. This could have led to inaccurate measurements of the

period or amplitude. Another error could have been that we could have counted too many wavelengths or too few. As the position increased, it was difficult to see the peaks of the waves, so we could have missed one or counted too many. This would give us an inaccurate measurement of the position, which would ultimately change our wavelength average and min/max calculations.

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