Physics 2 Lab 2 Report

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Lehigh University *

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Physics

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Feb 20, 2024

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Uploaded by JusticeCloverGorilla482

Tori Groves and JR Predelli 01/29/2024 Coulomb’s Law Physics 22 Experiment 2 Lab Report Spring 2024 Purpose: We will explore the connection between the Coulomb force, charge magnitude, and distance between the charges by charging objects through induction and conduction and measuring the distance of separation between the two charged objects. We will then be able to calculate the Coulomb force based on deflection and analyze graphs depicting the Coulomb's force correlation with distance and charge magnitude. List Of Materials: ● 2 Guide blocks with sphere ● 1 Hanging sphere ● Mirror ● Ruler ● White vinyl strip ● Box set ● Black wool ● Excel Diagram of Apparatus:

Procedure: Part A: 1. Convert the mass of the styrofoam sphere (0.070 grams) to kilograms and record it, and make sure the hanging sphere is at the same height as the sphere attached to the guide block. 2. When measuring position, use one eye, and record d o (equilibrium position). Using a ruler, record L (vertical distance). 3. Touch the sphere with your finger to make sure there is no charge, and then rub the white vinyl strip quickly with the black wool to induce a charge on the guide block sphere. 4. Bring the guide block sphere close to the vinyl strip without letting them touch, touch the sphere with your finger and pull away the strip. Any contact with the strip and the sphere at any point in the lab will require you to restart. 5. Slide the guide block into the right opening of the box, move it toward the hanging sphere until they touch, observing their behavior before and after contact to ensure the hanging sphere acquires the same charge as the guide block. Repulsion should occur with the same charge. 6. Charge the guide block sphere and transfer it to the hanging sphere at least two more times; once it is charged, do not let the spheres touch again. Repeat steps 6-7 one more time. 7. In Excel, create a table with 6 columns. Insert the guide block into the box so that the sphere is centered on the 9.0 cm mark. Push the guide block toward the hanging sphere until it is displaced a few mm, and record the location of the guide block and hanging sphere in the first two columns. 8. Repeat step 12 5 more times with new positions of the guide block sphere, and do not touch the sphere or recharge it. Solve for d, r, and F in the table. 9. Create a plot of F vs. r^2. Include a trend line with an equation for R^2 value. Discuss results. Part B: 1. Discharge both spheres, and repeat steps 6-10 in Part A. In Excel, create a table with 6 columns similar to the one in Part A. 2. Move the guide block to the 5.0 cm mark (if it doesn’t make it, you can recharge the spheres or start at a location close and change the excel column). Allow the hanging sphere to be repelled, and record position. 3. Withdrawal the guide block, ensuring the sphere does not touch anything, then discharge the sphere of the second guide block before inserting the second guide block into the box on the left and let it touch the hanging sphere. Half of the charge will be transferred. 4. Repeat step 3, and then repeat steps 4 and 5 more times if possible or until there is no more deflection.

5. Complete the rest of the table by following step 14 in Part A, and create a plot of F vs. |q 1 ||q 2 |, including a trend line with an equation with an R^2 value. Discuss results. Part A Data, Graphs, and Calculations: Mass = 0.07g / 1000 = 0.00007 kg d o = 5.3 cm = 0.053 m L = 0.183 m Table 1: Guiding Block Sphere Position (cm) Hanging Sphere Position (cm) d (m) r (m) 1/r^2 (m^-2) F (N) 7 5.1 0.002 0.019 2770.08310 2 0.00000750 4918033 6.1 4.4 0.009 0.017 3460.20761 2 0.00003377 213115 6.2 4.5 0.008 0.017 3460.20761 2 0.00003001 967213 6 4.5 0.008 0.015 4444.44444 4 0.00003001 967213 6 4.4 0.009 0.016 3906.25 0.00003377 213115 6 4.4 0.009 0.016 3906.25 0.00003377 213115 Sample Calculations: d = | 5.1 cm - 5.3 cm | / 100 = 0.0020 m r = | 5.1 cm - 7 cm | / 100 = 0.019 m 1/r^2 = 1 / 0.019 m = 2770.08 m F = 0.00007 kg * 9.81 m/s^2 * 0.002 m / 0.183 m = 0.0000075 N Graph 1:

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Questions: 8. Before the spheres came into contact, there was a slight attraction, but then after the charge was transferred, there was a repulsion. Since the sphere started off as neutral, the positive force is coming towards it, so there is an attraction. However, as the positive ions were transferred, then a repulsion occurred. 16. Our data appeared somewhat expected since the graph was relatively linear, indicating that for the most part, as the distance r increased, the corresponding force F decreased, leading to a smaller repulsion. However, the guided block sphere seemed insufficiently charged, which resulted in minimal movement of the sphere. Additionally, some positions were the same resulting in some irregularities in the graph. Part B Data and Calculations: Table 2: q1 q2 (x initial charges) Guided sphere position (cm) Hanging sphere position (cm) d (m) r (m) F (N) 1 5 4 0.013 0.01 0.00004878 196721 0.5 5 4.9 0.004 0.001 0.00001500 983607 0.25 5 5.1 0.002 0.001 0.00000750 4918033 0.125 5 5.3 0 0.003 0 0.0625 NA NA NA NA NA Sample Calculations: d = | 4 cm - 5.3 cm | /100 = 0.013 m r = | 4 cm - 5 cm | / 100 = 0.010 m F = 0.00007 kg * 9.81 m/s^2 * 0.013 m / 0.183 m = 0.000049 N Graph 2:

Questions: 9. Our data did appear as expected. The hanging sphere was moving less and less as the charge got split in half each time, which is accurate because when the charge decreases, the repulsion force decreases. Our graph was linear, indicating that the greater the charge, the larger the force. Our charge was somewhat sufficient, but we were only able to obtain 4 data points, since there was no more deflection of the hanging sphere at that point. Conclusion: Throughout this experiment, Coulomb’s Law did appear to hold true since the force was directly proportional to the charge of the particles and the distance r between them. In Part A, as we increased the distance between the guide block sphere and the hanging sphere, the force repelling them decreased and vice versa. This demonstrates Coulomb’s Law because if you reduce the distance between two objects of the same charge, it will increase the force, due to r being in the denominator of the equation. In this part of the lab, our outcomes weren't very successful due to challenges in establishing a good charge on the guide block sphere, leading to minimal repulsion. Possible errors may have contributed to these difficulties. In Part B, as the charge on the hanging sphere got cut in half each time, it caused a weaker repelling force. Our observations in Part B were more successful as reflected in the accuracy of our graph. It displayed a linear trend, affirming that higher charges are correlated with increased force. Error Analysis: One of the errors in this experiment could have been that the vinyl strip could have accidentally touched the sphere when it wasn’t supposed to. This would alter the charge distribution, which would give us inaccurate results, since the sphere would not be sufficiently charged. It could weaken the repulsion force. Another error could have been that we may not have charged the sphere enough. This may not give us inaccurate results, but we could have obtained better results if it were charged more. If the guided block sphere was charged more, the hanging sphere would have repelled more, and we would have had a better distribution of positions. Our position values for the hanging sphere in Part A were very similar and some even the same, which made our graph look abnormal.

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