Hinds_M4A1

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Three Rivers Community College *

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K221

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Physics

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Feb 20, 2024

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Course: PHYS204 Section: Module 4 Name: Kaitlin Hinds Instructor Name: Dr. Felix Rizvanov __________________________________________________________________________ Title : Calibration of a Galvanometer __________________________________________________________________________ Abstract : __________________________________________________________________________ Introduction: __________________________________________________________________________ Methods: __________________________________________________________________________ Results: For this experiment, I used the calculated emf in comparison to the measured tick marks on the voltmeter scale to calibrate the galvanometer. First, I set the angular frequency to 25 rpm and utilized the pause button to measure the tick marks on the voltmeter to find the maximum emf. I then did this for an angular frequency of 51 rpm and again for 100 rpm. Next, I need to calculate the value for emf. To calculate the value of the maximum emf, I used the equation EMF max = ωNBA . The variable N represents the number of loops which was set at two. The variable A represents the maximum area of the loop which was given at 0.75 m 2 . The variable B represents the strength of the magnetic field. To calculate the strength of the magnetic field, I used the given maximum magnetic field strength of 0.6 T and the strength of the bar magnet at 34%. Using these values, I calculated the magnetic field strength at 0.204 T. The variable  represents the angular frequency, which was set at 25 rpm, 51 rpm, and 100 rpm. Once the values for the measured and calculated emf were found, I could compare them in order to find the scale of the tick marks. This was done through a ratio of Volts tick mark = Volts 1 tickmark , which gave a value of 0.102 volts per tick mark. The following table illustrates the measured maximum emf and the calculated maximum emf at different angular frequencies. Angular Frequency (rpm) Measured EMF max (tick marks) Calculated EMF max (V) 25 1.25 0.1275 51 2.5 0.255 100 5 0.51 The data indicates that both values for emf had the same proportional change as the angular frequency.

The following graph illustrates the slope of the measured maximum emf. The data indicates a proportional increase in emf as the angular frequency is increased. Th following graph illustrates the slope of the calculated maximum emf. The data indicates a proportional increase in emf as the angular frequency is increased. Note that the graph of the measured emf and calculated emf look very similar and the slopes are the same. The following screenshot shows the value of the maximum emf at an angular frequency of 25 rpm.

The following screenshot shows the value of the maximum emf at an angular frequency of 51 rpm. The following screenshot shows the value of the maximum emf at an angular frequency of 100 rpm.

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Discussion : The experiment found that the rate of change in response to a change in angular frequency was the same for both the calculated and measured maximum emf. This shows a linear relationship between the angular frequency and emf. The results clearly indicate a proportional change in both emf values in comparison to a change in angular frequency. These results are significant because engineers to design a generator’s desired electrical output with respect to the frequency. It would allow a generator to be built smaller by increasing frequency instead of area or number of loops. These result raise questions such as what are the limitations of increasing angular frequency to increase emf? Also, how accurately can a voltmeter be calibrated based off of calculated emf? __________________________________________________________________________ Conclusion: The purpose of this lab was to calibrate the galvanometer. First, I measured the maximum emf by the tick marks at three different angular frequencies. Then, I calculated the maximum emf at the given angular frequencies using values given. I used the measured and calculated values for emf to find the value for a single tick mark. The measured value for maximum emf and the calculated value for maximum emf are comparable and showed the same proportional change in response to a change in angular frequency. These values need to be comparable for the two values to be used to calibrate the voltmeter. If they were not comparable, the ratio would not be consistent, and therefore the measure for a single tick mark would not be constant. __________________________________________________________________________ References: Lumen Learning. (n.d.) Motional emf. Retrieved March 31, 2022, from https://courses.lumenlearning.com/physics/chapter/23-3-motional-emf/

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