WST Final Exam (1)
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Stony Brook University *
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Course
102
Subject
Philosophy
Date
Jan 9, 2024
Type
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35
Uploaded by DoctorWaterBuffaloMaster3700
Faith Mackey
QUESTION 1
Part I: Short answer. 30 questions. 2 points each. 60 points total. Although a few of these require only a single word answer, in most cases, 1-3 sentences will be sufficient. For the definitions, be sure to define them in terms of and in relevance to THIS class. We do not know how well you understand these questions. We can only judge by what you write on this exam. Do yourselves a favor and show us how well you understand them. Please avoid simply quoting from readings or from lectures. Demonstrate in your own words that you understand these concepts. Also, avoid cutting and pasting from the internet. Bad idea, and it will result in a reduction in the grade for that question.
1. What is “transfeminism”? What are its a
rguments? What are its aims/goals? Who are its major proponents?
As mentioned in Module 9, transfeminism is the idea that every individual has the right to define her or his own identity and believes that society should be able to respect their identities. Its goals are to be able to express their gender without being discriminated against or physically harmed by anyone. Lastly, to not be politically, medically, or religiously violated the integrity of their bodies against their own will. The major proponents are individuals who do not agree with their identities such as religious people, Conservative politicians, or even medical professionals.
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2 points QUESTION 2
2. Several essays we have read use the term “menstruator.” What do they mean? What are their arguments for using that term?
Many people believe that all women menstruate and not all menstruators are women, which is false. Rather, as me
ntioned in Module 12, the word “menstruators” refers to all people who experience menstruation such as cisgenders, transgender, non-binary, and gender-fluid individuals.
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2 points QUESTION 3
3. Several of the essays discuss the Hyde Amendment. What is the Hyde Amendment? How is it relevant to the discussions of reproductive rights?
As mentioned in Module 10, the Hyde Amendment does not allow women to be able to have the federal funds to pay for an abortion unless the woman was pregnant from rape or incest. For the toolbar, press ALT+F10 (PC) or ALT+FN+F10 (Mac).
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2 points QUESTION 4
4. Define “kyriarchy.” (Be sure to draw from readings from our class)
As mentioned in lec
ture, Kyriarchy can be known describes an intersectional system built simply on domination, oppression, and submission. This can happen in the legal system, school, and workplace setting.
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2 points QUESTION 5
5. Who were the “Redstockings,” and how were the relevant/important to the move to gai
n reproductive rights?
As mentioned in Module 10, it is a women’s liberation group. Many reproductive rights activists believed in Pro-choice rights are for women, not for men.
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2 points QUESTION 6
6. In several essays, we have met the term “TERF.” What does the term mean? What are the issues between/among trans activists and TERFs?
As mentioned in Module 9, TERF can be seen as a feminist who does not allow trans women to conform to society’s definition of femininity that stems from heterosexism and patriarchy. For the toolbar, press ALT+F10 (PC) or ALT+FN+F10 (Mac).
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2 points QUESTION 7
7. Define “Black codes.”
As mentioned in Module 8, it was rearticulations of the Slavery codes passed by Southern states and was enacted after the Civil War in order not to allow African Americans to achieve any form of political or economic independence.
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2 points QUESTION 8
8. Who was Minnie Lee Relf? What role did she play in the history of arguments about reproductive rights? (Be sure to cite from our readings.)
As mentioned in Module 10, Minnie Lee Relf was a Black teenager one of the Relf sisters who was sterilized without any form of consent in Montogomery, Alabama, and filed a lawsuit. For the toolbar, press ALT+F10 (PC) or ALT+FN+F10 (Mac).
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2 points QUESTION 9
9. What does the term “fetal personhood” mean? How is
it significant in the arguments about reproductive rights?
As mentioned in Module 10, it means that there is the unseeing of a child For the toolbar, press ALT+F10 (PC) or ALT+FN+F10 (Mac).
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2 points QUESTION 10
10. In her essay “Sex Positive,” Elisa Glick discusses the “feminist sex wars” of the 1980s. What were these “wars,” who were the sides, and what were their arguments?
As mentioned in Module 11, Pro sex vs anti sex, pro-sex is a sex-positive position that hopes to not police people’s sexual proclivities. On the other hand, anti
-sex feminists do not believe in the agency of women.
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2 points QUESTION 11
11. Several of the texts we read/watched argue that disposable sanitary products were important for both positive and negative reasons. What were some of the positive consequences of their introduction? What were some of the negative consequences?
As mentioned in Module 10, there are several myths that are being debunked, blood is sterile; blood is odorless (until exposed to oxygen). Also, Management techniques (products), monthly cost/lifetime cost, Disposable products (good/bad condition), medical subduing, medical issues, Primary and secondary dysmenorrhea, and effects of hormones.
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2 points QUESTION 12
12. Although courts heard several cases about abortion, why was the Abramowicz v. Lefkowitz different? What were the significant elements of this case?
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As mentioned in the Lecture, concerning Redstockings, Abramowicz v. Lefkowitz
. This was more so based on a woman’s rights but not a doctor’s rights. In fact, all the lawyers were ALL women. There was an Argument, “that the most important testimony came from women who experienced illegal abortions, lack of contraceptive access, and painful experiences with adoption or forced motherhood.”
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2 points QUESTION 13
13. Define “eugenics.” (Be sure to draw from and cite our readings and presentations)
As mentioned from Module 8, Eugenics means good breeding (feeds into nationalism of the 19th century) seen unqualified or less desirable and are not beneficial for the future of American society.
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2 points
QUESTION 14
14. In the essays on toxic masculinity, the authors discuss “engaged fatherhood.” What do they mean by this term and how is it relevant in the discussions of toxic masculinity?
In lecture, we learned that this meant that husbands and fathers had right to institutionalize women. For the toolbar, press ALT+F10 (PC) or ALT+FN+F10 (Mac).
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QUESTION 15
15. Define “hashtag feminism.” (Be sure to draw from and refer to texts from our class.)
As mentioned in Module 14, it is Feminism activism that happens on social media platform using the hashtag feature to collect and pile other similar content. For the toolbar, press ALT+F10 (PC) or ALT+FN+F10 (Mac).
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2 points
QUESTION 16
16. In several of her chapters, Rachel Anne Williams argues for the power of pronouns. What is Williams’s argument in favor of “respecting pronouns”?
As mentioned in Module 9, Respecting pronouns are ways for cisgenders to affirm people and it means someone knows you as a person and that they believe you are valid. Pronouns are a part of the “Gender Machine.”
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2 points
QUESTION 17
17. In her essay “Queering Reproductive Justice,” Kimala Price makes an argument for “queering reproductive justice.” What does she mean by this? What does this look like? How is it different?
As mentioned in Module 9, Typically presented as a single issue, not intersectional which prohibits coalition, and political organizing.
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2 points QUESTION 18
18. In her essay “Slavery, Civil Rights and Abolitionist Perspectives toward Prison,” Angela Davis draws a connection between the institution of slavery and the institution of the prison. According to Davis, what are these connections?
As mentioned in Module 8, after slavery, Black people were still in the southern penal systems (a form of punishment) and were constantly physically abused. Black people were imprisoned under the law, more Black labor had occurred. Sadly, were subjected to a lot of supervision.
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2 points QUESTION 19
19. Define “incel.” (Be sure to draw from and refer to texts from our class.)
As mentioned from Module 13, Incels have this idea that men and masculinity are in crisis that men have become less masculine and its all the fault of women and the fault of feminism. Bates believes that not all incels are simplistic. In fact, they are seen as heteronormative, racial purists, and their purpose is to procreate the white race.
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2 points QUESTION 20
20. In her essay, Laura Appelbaum makes the connection between incarceration and (dis)ability. How are (dis)ability and incarceration connected through eugenics?
As mentioned in Module 8, The disabled have been incarcerated since the beginning of European jails and the actual definition of disability gradually changes over a period. For the toolbar, press ALT+F10 (PC) or ALT+FN+F10 (Mac).
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2 points QUESTION 21
21. We have read about “sex positive” is several contexts. What is sex positive? What forms does it take?
As mentioned in lecture, being sex positive is not showing any bias towards people who have sex jobs. Originated from the 1980s and it comes from the form of being pro sex, sex positive For the toolbar, press ALT+F10 (PC) or ALT+FN+F10 (Mac).
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2 points QUESTION 22
22. How does beginning with an intersectional approach to legal and social attitudes about sex work change our understanding of sex work?
As mentioned in lecture, Charlie Glickman mentions how our language about sex, and queering, is important because how sex and negative attitudes about sex are really rooted in our language and minds.
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2 points QUESTION 23
23. The young women in the podcast Shh! Periods discuss “period poverty” several times. What do they mean by this term? What are the issues with “period poverty”?
As mentioned in Module 10, Period poverty means having a lack of access to menstrual products, sanitation, and education about menstruation. For the toolbar, press ALT+F10 (PC) or ALT+FN+F10 (Mac).
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2 points QUESTION 24
24. “A Feminist Manifesto for the 21st Century” argues that arguments about the glass ceiling miss the point? What do they mean by that? What do they suggest instead?
As mentioned in lecture, Makes the argument for intersectional politics, and helps us understand it in the context of gender, race, and class.
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2 points QUESTION 25
25. In the 19th century, officials did not consider gender within the prison system. What were of the ways in which they did not account for gender in prison? Why did they do not account for gender?
As mentioned in Module 8, Angela Davis explains how prison controls people reproductively and takes people out of the job market. Also, Susan Spencer explains prison as a gender institution how sex is treated, how your father or husband threatens to institutionalize you, and you will be considered more dependent.
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2 points QUESTION 26
26. In the late 19th century, Victoria Woodhull was a proponent of “free love.” What was “free love”?
As mentioned in the Lecture, Sex can be for pleasure and enjoyment. This usually meant being able to freely choose a monogamous sexual partner and be able to choose to end a marriage or relationship. This phrase was used by those who wanted to remove the state from decisions concerning marriage, birth control, sexual partners, and marital fidelity.
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2 points QUESTION 27
27. What are some of the ways in which “protective legislation” was used to control
/curtail women’s work?
As mentioned in the lecture, women went through a bad working environment and were subjected to physical or verbal abuse. Men were paid more. This was from the suffrage movement.
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2 points QUESTION 28
28. What is the legal history of abortion in the United States?
As mentioned in our last lecture, Module 14, Professor Calvin briefly mentioned how there was a leaked document from the Supreme Court of Roe vs. Wade which overturns it. It is not the final one but it is an authentic draft that they are discussing but the ruling is unlikely to change. In fact, it is proven that John Roberts confirmed its authenticity, a large population of SCOTUS voted to overturn Roe vs. Wade, and most of the opinion was written by Samuel Alito. It is confirmed that abortion is legal, there were no legal consequences but it changed with the founding American Medical Association wanting. in the 1880s, States began legally outlawing abortion.1910, a federal ban on abortion occurred. There is a long tradition of self-induced abortions or mid-wife Induced abortions. Abortion is an intersectional issue affecting people differently and affects trans people differently.
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2 points QUESTION 29
29. Stephanie Coontz suggests that “sexism and harassment” may exist in all occupations, it is particularly present in what kinds of situations? What is the work condition that makes it more likely? Supply examples.
As mentioned in Module 14, Coontz explains how the first real workplace harassment case occurred. In 1976, approximately 80 percent of women explained how they
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receives the same treatment in the workplace setting. Coontz believes that power and prestige play a heavy role to sexual harassment in 1975 at Cornell University. Coontz supplies a bit of historical context. First real workplace harassment case was 1975 at Cornell University.
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2 points QUESTION 30
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30. What is the role of “Black feminist hashtags” and “affirmation codes”? What is their purpose? Their function? What is their drawback?
As mentioned in Module 14, the role of Black feminist hashtags and affirmation codes look like “slacktivism” to some people but is seen as important to most people because it promotes self
-
care, achievement, and black feminity. Subgenre of that can be seen as an affirmation code.
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2 points
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QUESTION 31
PART II: Essay Question: Choose ONE of the following TWO essay questions. Develop as fully as possible your understanding of the question/theme. Rely upon class readings, class discussions, subjective experiences, and/or current events in answering the question. Remember that this is your chance to prove that you know and understand the subject. Be sure to find which question you are answering. (40 points). We are looking for an in-depth, engaged answer here. This essay is worth 40 points
—
nearly half the exam. It cannot be four sentences. It is worth 8% of your total grade for this course. Please bear that in mind as you author this essay.
Final Essay: Women Empowerment for Marginalized Women Both first and third-wave feminism was essential for marginalized women to receive women’s rights and to be treated equally to their male counterparts. And theoretically, without the two waves, women would more likely still be in worse unsafe working conditions and still endure the pain of physical and/ or verbal abuse. Therefore, movements such as #Blackgirlmagic are seen as important in the current state of our world. Assuredly, to “begin with the lives of the marginalized,” simply means that to understand the importance of First-wave and third-wave feminism, we must understand the history behind what marginalized people have gone through such as slavery and persecution for centuries. There are institutions such as prisons that highly receive help from the pain of marginalized people. For example, as mentioned in Module 8, Slavery
, Civil rights, and Abolitionist Perspectives Toward Prison
, “Black people were imprisoned under the laws assembled in the various Black Codes of the southern states, which, because they were rearticulations of the Slave Codes, tended to racialize penalty and link it closely with earlier regimes of slavery. The expansion of the convict lease system and the county chain gang meant
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that the antebellum criminal justice system, which focused far more intensely on Black people than on whites, defined southern criminal justice as a means of controlling Black labor.” (Davis, 31). Elaborately, after slavery, Black people were still in the southern penal systems (a form of punishment) and were constantly physically abused. Black people were imprisoned under the law, more Black labor had occurred. This still affectsaffectsus today because more minorities such as Black females are more likely to experience police brutality and harsher punishments for criminal charges compared to more privileged prisoners who receive less time. In addition, the disabled have been incarcerated since the beginning of European jails. As mentioned in the lecture, Laura Applebaum had briefly mentioned that -Racism, Harsh drug laws, and Prosecutorial overreach are the main three reasons why mass incarceration exists today. She also believed that it did not consider “our long term, wholesale institutionalization of the disabled” (419) and that the detention controls the marginal, the poor, minorities, and the disabled. In other words, marginalized people are more likely to have harsher punishments and stay in unsafe conditions (especially the marginal poor, minorities, and the disabled). Therefore Third-wave feminism would more likely be beneficial for the BIPOC community since it does not take the traditional universal experience and discusses serious concerns about race, class, sexuality, ability, age, etc. Also, the Third-wave reformers “were a multivocal, polythetic set that varied by class, race, and ethnicity” (44). Lastly, this Reform was by class/neighborhood, religion, racial or ethnic group, and social experiments based on feedback. As this pertains to areas of feminism, there are women who are either marginal poor, minorities, or disabled and go through more tragic forms of injustice. As mentioned in Module 14, the 21st century’s #Blackgirlmagic is seen as a tool to help encourage Black feminist, progressivism, self-care, and achievement to break the stereotypes and biases of our culture. While some people might perceive hashtags to be “slacktivism,” it has been proven to be highly beneficial for Black females to gain awareness of Black feminism and for other individuals to learn about the importance that diversity carries. Also, there are other hashtags for other forms of Feminism such as #Feminism, it is Feminism activism that happens on social media platforms using the hashtag feature to collect and pile other similar content. Some clear examples of feminist hashtags are feminist #feminism #equality #womenempowerment #women #girlpower #love #feminista #womensupportingwomen. This helps people to gain awareness concerning women's empowerment. Given these points, it is impo
rtant to understand Susan Spencer’s analysis on Chattel Slavery to understand and theoretically feminism. As mentioned in Feminist Theory and the Historical Archeological of Institutions (2009), “
Female criminals were more reviled than male criminals because they had violated the higher standard for female purity, morality, and submissive domesticity” (Spencer, 35). In other words, there were unequal gender relations about female criminals not being treated equally to male criminals and losing their innocence. In fact, there was power to institutionalize women and Patriarchal control to the criminalization of sex for women. As mentioned in our earlier lecture, there were separate female prisons that were not built for women because they were expected to be more moral than the rest of their male counterparts. In fact, studies show that women in prison are still treated worse, under worse conditions. This occurred in the mid-19th century when there were separate cells or separate institutions for females. Sadly, this led to Marxism occurring where male dominance occurred by
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women not getting paid domestic labor (was the operations of the institutions) leading to nonliving wages for most women’s public occupations and institutionalizing the poor, or those who committed the crime of stealing or prostitution. In addition to this sincere concern, many women in person went through physical and verbal abuse, non-corporal punishments, and solitary confinements. In fact, in Marxism, male dominance was also shown in the corporal business world with women’s unpaid domestic labor, which led to nonliving wages for many of women’s public occupations and institutionalizing the poor and those who resorted to thievery or prostitution.” From this, it is important to acknowledge th
at women in prison and in business should be allowed to receive an education and reform to be treated equally to men and to decrease the chances of abuse. While Third-wave feminism was more progressive, First-wave feminism can be seen as beneficial as well because First-wave feminists were able to reform many institutions like school, motherhood, charity, housekeeping, and prisons. Women’s prisons that focused on education and reform saw better outcomes Elaborately, prison reform was built upon the idea of reforming women into “proper domestic women.” Partly to address a shortage of “servants” Although there were many benefits, there were also many limitations being that there was a “Widespread elitism and racism interfered with reform women’s attempts to re
habilitate women, prisoners, into domestics” (42). From there being elitism and racism, this often-limited women of the BIPOC community, LGBTIA+ community, and other disabled women. Therefore Third-wave feminism can be seen as a more historical progressive role and relates more to the times for women to gain equal rights in prison. To concur, the first and third-wave feminism is essential for marginalized women to receive women’s rights to create a safer work environment and living conditions for wom
en in prison to gain access to education and other forms of rights that male prisoners also have. And theoretically, without the two waves, women would more likely still be in worse unsafe working conditions and still endure the pain of physical and/ or verbal abuse. Therefore, platforms such as #Feminism or #Blackgirlmagic are important to help learn more about the importance of feminism and women empowerment.
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