COM-362 T2 reading exercises
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Topic 2 Reading exercises from:
Copi, Irving M.
Introduction to Logic, 14th Edition
. Routledge.
Alondra Dominguez
4.3 INSTRUCTIONS Identify and explain the fallacies of relevance in the following
passages: PROBLEMS
1.
—Stacy Schiff, “Slip Sliding Away,”
The New York Times
, 2 February 2007
This fallacy may be identified as a deficiency in adequately addressing the fundamental
matter or argument under consideration. Instead of addressing the public's concerns and
offering meaningful analysis about his extended commentary on bombing, the man in
question seems to diminish its importance and instead shifts focus onto the statement itself,
rather than the underlying matter being discussed.
2.
—George Santayana,
Egotism in German Philosophy
, 1915
The use of force as a means of persuasion is an instance of a fallacious
reasoning that may be seen within this argument. To make progress
towards his objective, he depended on his skills.
3.
—Robert G. Ingersoll, nominating speech at the Republican National Convention, 1876
It's possible that the user's assertion is an example of the strawman fallacy, which is a kind
of logical error. The writers are showing the existing opposition within the Republican
Party to their nomination in a position of dissent to demonstrate their case.
4.
—Thomas Paine,
Common Sense
, 1776
This gives the person in question something to think about as a rebuttal to their point. In
spite of the absence of significant evidence to back up their claims, the persons in issue are
utilizing accusatory words as a way to destroy the credibility of their competitor.
5
—Michiko Kakutani, “Dispatch from Gomorrah, Savaging the Cultural Left,”
The New York
Times
, 6 February 2007.
The attention of the broader population is being requested at this time. The individuals at
issue are not providing evidence that can be shown and are not applying reasoning that is
suitable for the circumstance when they make assumptions and generalizations with the
intention of spreading them to a large audience.
6.
—Ignazio Silone,
The God That Failed
, 1949
This section contains a rebuttal argument that is directed against a
particular individual. There are several explanations for the prince's
seeming lack of justice, each of which has the potential to be interpreted
as a critique of his personality. The fact that the prince is still a kid is one
of these defenses, among others.
7.
R. Grunberger, author of
A Social History of the Third Reich
The individuals involved in the matter are using a rhetorical strategy often referred to as
an appeal to force. There exists a potential danger that individuals may be subject to
penalties if they fail to renew their membership.
8.
—“Clash Between European and Islamic Views,” in Books,
The New York Times
, 8 February
2007.
It might be argued that this argument is an endeavor to elicit an emotional response from
the listener. The individual in issue employs tactics aimed at instilling fear and eliciting
emotional responses in order to effectively convey their perspective.
9.
—“Argument Against Atheism,” http://aaron_mp.tripod.com/id2.html (2007)
This presents a counterargument to an individual's perspective. The individuals under
consideration are offering a critical analysis of the core arguments put out by a certain
demography.
10.
—Plato,
The Republic
This approach would be deemed unsuccessful in attaining the targeted objective. The
individual, instead of addressing the central argument, poses a query that is unrelated to
the ongoing discourse.
4.5 INSTRUCTIONS
Identify and explain any fallacies of defective induction or of
presumption in the following passages:
PROBLEMS
1.
—Frank Webster, “No Sex Education, No Sex,”
Insight
, 17 November 1997
The aforementioned assumption may be classified as a presupposition, which is also
compounded by the logical fallacy referred to as the fallacy of a false cause. Given that the
presence of a correlation between two variables does not guarantee the presence of a causal
connection, it follows that the truth of both variables does not necessarily imply a causal
relationship between them.
2.
People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA)
The argument put forward in this context exemplifies the logical fallacy often referred to as
premature generalization. While there is consensus on the potential accuracy of the
aforementioned assertions, it is important to emphasize that this does not imply that the
methodology of examination or the implementation of assessments refutes the existence of a
supreme being or a transcendent intention. Although it is conceivable that this technique
may not fully capitalize on all market possibilities, this does not imply that there is any
merit in pursuing it.
3.
—
The Chronicle of Higher Education
, 23 January 1998
This claim might be seen as an argument that relies on a stance characterized by a
restricted scope of knowledge or an absence of substantiating evidence, contingent upon the
interpretation given to it. The central thesis of the article is not comprehended by the
audience.
4.
—Fred Levit, M.D., “Acupuncture Is Alchemy, Not Medicine,”
The New York Times
, 12
November 1997
There is a prevailing opinion that the placebo effect associated with acupuncture might
lead to a rise in its use and administration, perhaps resulting in a reduced threshold for the
requisite expertise to conduct the treatment due to heightened demand. The conclusion
reached may be either incorrect or inadequately supported by the available evidence.
5.
French comedian Sacha Guitry
The argument presented exhibits the use of an unsuitable logical fallacy known as an
appeal to authority. The assertion put forth lacks legitimacy, and the accompanying
argument fails to demonstrate coherence.
6.
—Mark Twain, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, 1885
The topic under consideration is the Post Hoc Fallacy, which is sometimes referred to as the
False Cause fallacy. The user's writing will be revised to adopt an academic tone without
introducing any further material. The lyric posits that the ailment and consequent demise
of Old Hank Bunker were ascribed to the act of seeing the new moon from the left shoulder.
The remark provided above serves as an example of the post hoc fallacy, when a causal
connection is deduced from a correlation without sufficient evidence.
7.
—The New York Times, 7 February 1999
The subject matter under consideration pertains to the logical error often referred to as the
False Cause fallacy. The user's writing will be updated to comply to a succinct and
academic style, without adding any more material. Senator Packwood owes the success of
his firm to his strategic choice of terminating his affiliation with the Oregonian newspaper,
a move that later resulted in a notable surge in the newspaper's readership. The lack of
involvement with newspapers does not necessarily indicate a direct correlation with an
individual's economic prosperity. Hence, the argument put forth might be categorized as a
fallacy of false causation. There are many reasons that are likely to have contributed to the
circumstance.
8.
—Kenneth Noble, “U.S. Blacks and Africans Meet to Forge Stronger Ties,” The New York
Times, 27 May 1993
The subject now being examined refers to the logical fallacy often referred to as hasty
generalization. The statement articulated by Mr. Farrakhan exhibits a hasty generalization,
as it presupposes that the inclination towards dual citizenship in African nations is
universally embraced by black Americans, only on the basis of his personal inclination
towards it. The statement is based on the subjective preference of a single person and lacks
sufficient evidence to be generalized to the whole population.
9.
—S. Clarke, “No Sex, Please, We’re French,” The New York Times, 23 March 2007
The current topic under consideration pertains to the logical mistake often known as
premature generalization. The author utilizes a sweeping generalization on the conduct of
the French populace, deriving inferences from the responses of a certain subgroup of
French citizens towards governmental initiatives. The argument presented within this
specific context may be categorized as a hasty generalization, since it is based on the
presumption that the actions or behaviors shown by a small subset of people can be
extrapolated to accurately reflect the whole population of a certain nation.
10
.
—Stephanie Strom, “He Watched over His Rackets,” The New York Times, 22 June 1999
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The present area of investigation pertains to the False Cause Fallacy. According to the
theoretical framework proposed by Mr. Suzuki, it is posited that the enhancement of his
gaming proficiency may be primarily ascribed to the successful rehabilitation of his
spouse's knee at a religious gathering. The assertion made in this sentence demonstrates a
logical fallacy called post hoc, since it asserts a causal link without enough supporting
evidence.