Chapter 10 Summary
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Philosophy
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Jan 9, 2024
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Uploaded by DoctorKoalaPerson865
Sophie Phillips
Professor Afshari
Philosophy 110-04
27 October 2023
Chapter 10 Weekly Summary
Warrant: Chapter Ten of
Think Critically
written by Peter Facione and Carol Ann Gittens
is all about the snap judgements and the risks and benefits of heuristic thinking. Human decision-
making can be split into two cognitive systems, argument making and heuristic thinking.
Heuristic thinking involves relying on efficient shortcuts to make decisions, while argument
making is a more logical process that relies on relevant reasons and facts as we see them. These
two systems of thinking can also be described as system-1 and system-2 thinking. System-1
thinking is better for when faster decisions need to be made while system-2 thinking is better
when there is time for more consideration and planning. System-1 thinking gets us more through
parts of our lives that are familiar (or routine), that way we can spend more time focusing our
brain on more difficult problems that we don’t encounter often. System-2 thinking is better used
for these more unfamiliar, difficult problems. There are many kinds of individual cognitive
heuristics that have benefits as well as risks. The chapter discusses 17 types of heuristics and
displays the advantages and disadvantages of each of the 17 heuristics. Our snap judgements can
be mistaken if we use one of these heuristic shortcuts in the wrong setting. Heuristic thinking can
lead to poor decisions if used incorrectly.
Ground: System-1 thinking is reactive. The chapter defines system-1 thinking as, “Relies
heavily on situational cues, salient memories, and heuristic thinking to arrive quickly and
confidently at judgements, particularly when situations are familiar and immediate action is
required” (Facione, Gittens, Ch. 10, Pg. 194). System-2 thinking on the other hand is more
deliberate and reflective. The chapter defines system-2 thinking as, “Useful for judgements in
unfamiliar situations, for processing abstract concepts, and for deliberating when there is time for
planning and more comprehensive consideration” (Facione, Gittens, Ch. 10, Pg. 195). Although
both systems are very different, they are both very useful. According to the chapter, “Normal
human beings have and use both systems in problem solving and decision making every day. The
two-systems approach to understand human decision making accounts for the pushes and pulles
that normal human beings often describe as part of their decision making” (Facione, Gittens, Ch.
10, Pg. 195). We as humans can use the two-systems process to better understand our decision-
making tendencies.
Claim: Overall, the chapters main purpose is to describe the two-systems process as well
as the 17 different types of heuristics. System-1 thinking is more reactive while system-2
thinking is more reflective. We can use system-1 in more familiar circumstances while system-2
is used in unfamiliar circumstances. The 17 types of heuristics, if used correctly, can be very
beneficial in day-to-day living with correct application. If used incorrectly, which is also very
possible, they can lead to very poor decisions. They are essential in day-to-day living because it
would be exhausting if every decision, we made had to be a full reflective decision.
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