Understanding Testability and Hypothesis Testing in Science

PHI 103 - Week 03 smart refresh REVIEW MODULE expand all collapse all attempts (i) w Which of these statements is accurate regarding testability of claims? CORRECT ANSWER: e A claim must be testable in order to be considered scientific. » A claim is testable if we can find a way of seeing if it is true or not. S€e more PS®9P@ w What do we call a claim for which we know how one could go about showing it to be false? CORRECT ANSWER: Falsifiable S€eé more R 7 min refresh 25 min course report QUESTIONS: 40

w Which of these are true about inference to the best explanation? CORRECT ANSWER: e Itis one of the most common forms of inference in our daily lives. Itis used in many scientific inferences. s€ée more DD w If a hypothesis is tested and passes the test, what does this say about the hypothesis? CORRECT ANSWER: At best this provides inductive evidence that the claim might be true. sée more VDO w Which of these are true of inductive arguments? CORRECT ANSWER: o They are not intended to be valid. » They intend to give evidence for the truth of their conclusions.

s€éeé more VO w What can we say about a hypothesis that withstands our best attempts at refutation? CORRECT ANSWER: This gives us some evidence that it may be true. see more DD W Correctly applying the first step of the hypothetico-deductive method, Li Shizhen formulated a hypothesis that willow bark relieves stomach cramps. His next step should be: CORRECT ANSWER: Deduce a testable consequence of his hypothesis see more PP w Inductive arguments whose premises substantially increase the likelihood of their conclusions being true are called what? CORRECT ANSWER: Strong

Your preview ends here

Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version

Access to all documents
Unlimited textbook solutions
24/7 expert homework help

s€éeé more VL@ w Place the steps of the hypothetico-deductive method in the proper order. CORRECT ANSWER: Step 1 ' Formulate a hypothesis. Step 2 Deduce a consequence from the hypothesis. Step 3 Test whether the consequence OCcurs. Step 4 Reject the hypothesis if the consequence does not occur. see more PP w What type of argument is this? CORRECT ANSWER: Inductive generalization

s€éeé more VL@ w James said that, while on his hike, he saw a grizzly bear. Therefore, he did indeed see a grizzly bear. Match the premise with how its addition would impact the strength of the argument. CORRECT ANSWER: strengthens James is known for his honesty and forthrightness. weakens James was hiking in southern Florida. no impact James was foraging mushrooms on his hike. see more L@ W Li Shizen appropriately derived a consequence of his hypothesis that consuming willow bark will relieve stomach cramps; specifically, that when brewed into a tea and ingested, it will alleviate those symptoms. Which of the following might he do to test his hypothesis? CORRECT ANSWER:

» Ingest the willow bark when he is suffering from stomach cramps (or have other subjects do so) e Reject the hypothesis if his trials show that ingesting the willow bark while suffering from stomach cramps has no effect see more VD w What type of argument is this? CORRECT ANSWER: Statistical syllogism seée more DS w Match the following examples with the appropriate argument form: CORRECT ANSWER: Appeal to authority "My professor said that Jefferson was from Virginia, so he was."

Your preview ends here

Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version

Access to all documents
Unlimited textbook solutions
24/7 expert homework help

Argument from analogy "Every cat I have ever had liked to be petted, so my next cat probably will too.’ Statistical syllogism “Almost all kids like playgrounds. Mikey is a kid, so he will probably like playgrounds." Inductive generalization “Nearly all people surveyed support this bill. Therefore, nearly all people support this bill." s€e more L@ ¥ Which of these is important to determining if an appeal to authority is strong? CORRECT ANSWER: » The source is actually an expert on the subject. o The source has been cited correctly. s€ée more

PV w Which of these is an inference to the best explanation? CORRECT ANSWER: "Mike is crying; he must be in pain.’ s€éeé more D ¥ What does it mean for a claim to be falsifiable? CORRECT ANSWER: We know how one could go about showing it to be false. see more @@ w Which of these need to be true for an inductive generalization (such as a poll) to be strong? CORRECT ANSWER: e The sample population should be randomly selected. e The sample population needs to be large enough. s€e more

w What type of argument is this? CORRECT ANSWER: » Are the things in question similar in ways that are relevant to the truth of the conclusion? » Are there any relevant differences between the analogs that could affect the reliability of the inference? » Have you experienced enough individuals with the relevant similarity? seée more D@ w Regarding appeals to authority, which of these statements is true? CORRECT ANSWER: e Appeals to authority can be quite strong, provided that certain conditions are met. o Appeals to authority are essential for learning from others, such as in school. s€e more D@ w Which of these factors is important for an inference to the best explanation to be strong? CORRECT ANSWER:

Your preview ends here

Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version

Access to all documents
Unlimited textbook solutions
24/7 expert homework help

It agrees well with the rest of human knowledge. It accurately explains all relevant observations. It is testable. It explains other phenomena as well. seée more D@ w Which of the following might be good reasons to choose an inductive argument rather than a deductive one? CORRECT ANSWER: » There may not be available premises that would adequately support a deductive argument. e Inductive arguments can be more robust (meaning less fragile in the face of objections) than deductive arguments. e An inductive argument may be more persuasive than a deductive argument in the context. seée more D@ w Which of these is a common error that can occur in inductive generalizations? CORRECT ANSWER: » Hasty generalizations

» Biased samples s€e more D@ w Match the following examples with the appropriate argument form: CORRECT ANSWER: Appeal to authority The fortune-teller said I would win the lottery, so I will. Statistical syllogism 75% of retired Americans collect Social Security. Maude is a retired American, so she collects Social Security. Inductive generalization 88% of reviewers enjoyed the restaurant, so 88% of diners must enjoy it. Argument from analogy The new drug reduced cholesterol in the test rats, so it will reduce cholesterol in humans.

séeé more ® w What kind of argument is this? CORRECT ANSWER: Inference to the best explanation see more @ w Which of the following would falsify this hypothesis? CORRECT ANSWER: People who eat pizza every day and have heart disease s€e more @ w What does it mean for an inductive argument to be cogent? CORRECT ANSWER: It is strong and all of its premises are true. see more

Your preview ends here

Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version

Access to all documents
Unlimited textbook solutions
24/7 expert homework help

w Match the following examples with the appropriate argument form: CORRECT ANSWER: Appeal to authority "Mike said that Alabama is the hottest state, so it must be. Statistical syllogism "959% of teachers at this school are great. So your child's first grade teacher is probably great." Inductive generalization "Every person I have surveyed likes the Beatles. Therefore, almost everyone likes the Beatles." Arguments from analogy "I have hated every math class I have taken. So I will probably hate the next one too." se€e more @ w What type of argument is this?

CORRECT ANSWER: Appeal to authority séeé more @ w What type of argument is this? CORRECT ANSWER: Argument from analogy see more @ w What type of argument is this? CORRECT ANSWER: Statistical syllogism s€e more @ w What kind of argument is this? CORRECT ANSWER: Inference to the best explanation

séeé more @ w Which of these terms describes this type of claim? CORRECT ANSWER: Self-sealing see more @ w What type of argument is this? CORRECT ANSWER: Argument from analogy s€e more @ w Which of these is a conjecture about how some part of the world works? CORRECT ANSWER: Hypothesis see more

Your preview ends here

Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version

Access to all documents
Unlimited textbook solutions
24/7 expert homework help

w What does Occam's razor tell us when it comes to comparing theories? CORRECT ANSWER: Other things being equal, the theory that gives the simplest explanation is the best. seée more @ w What type of argument is this? CORRECT ANSWER: Inductive generalization sée more @ w Which of these hypotheses has predictive value? CORRECT ANSWER: » Synthetic fertilizer causes tomatoes to grow larger than organic fertilizers. Worms on organic farms will live longer than worms on inorganic farms. Ss€ée more

¥ Think about how Li Shizhen might have gone about finding a specific medicinal property of willow bark (from which aspirin was derived) using the hypothetico-deductive method. As he sits with his willow bark tea in front of him, what would his first step be? CORRECT ANSWER: Create a hypothesis about the possible effects of consuming willow bark see more @ w What type of argument is this? CORRECT ANSWER: Appeal to authority s€e more

Week 3 Learning Activitiy

Related Documents