Worksheet8 (1)
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Pima Community College *
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BIO-250
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Philosophy
Date
Jan 9, 2024
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Uploaded by ChiefDolphin3008
Assignment 8 Submission Form
Do NOT open this form in any application other than Microsoft Word. Otherwise, your form will not be accepted. You are required to install and use Microsoft Word for this course. You have free access through PCC, as described in my announcement on D2L.
You must submit this form (
in docx format), and you must submit ONLY this one form. If you try to submit more than one item, only the most recent item will be saved. You may not change, add, or remove any content on this form other than to add your answers in the spaces
provided.
Part A (15 points)
Assume you are a class-action lawsuit lawyer. You are hired by a group of non-human animals to represent them against humans. You
will litigate a lawsuit which claims that animals are being treated inhumanely. In your argument, you will need to consider questions such as these:
Do non-human animals have a moral status?
Do humans have a moral obligation to treat non-human animals morally when non-human animals aren't even able to distinguish between right and wrong?
Is it okay (ethically justifiable) to put a "price" on the life of non-
human animals?
Is human life superior to non-human animal life? Justify your answer.
Your argument should address the questions above, and it should clearly state what your thesis (the conclusion of your argument) is and how you will defend your conclusion. What are the premises and assumptions you are making. How might your opponent object
to your argument and why are they wrong?
1.
Yes, many philosophers argue that non-human animals have moral status because they are sentient beings capable of experiencing pleasure and pain. This is based on the premise that any being that can experience these states has inherent value and should be treated with respect.
2.
The ability to distinguish between right and wrong is not a prerequisite for moral consideration. For instance, infants or individuals with cognitive impairments may not fully understand these concepts, yet we still have a moral obligation to treat them ethically. The same can be applied to non-human animals.
3.
This is a contentious issue. Some argue that it's necessary for practical reasons, such as in the case of livestock. However, others argue that life, in all its forms, is priceless and should not be commodified.
4.
This is subjective and depends on one's philosophical or religious beliefs. Some argue that all life is equal, while others believe in human superiority due to our advanced cognitive abilities.
Non-human animals have moral status and humans have a moral obligation to treat them ethically, regardless of their ability to distinguish between right and wrong. It is not ethically justifiable to commodify life, and the superiority of human life is subjective. Opponents might argue that animals lack the cognitive abilities that grant moral status, or that humans have no obligations to beings that can't reciprocate. They might also argue for the necessity of commodifying animal life for practical reasons, or assert the superiority of human life based on religious or philosophical beliefs. These arguments can be countered by emphasizing the sentience of animals, the ethical obligations we have to other beings regardless of reciprocation, the potential for non-commodification solutions, and the subjectivity of life's value. Part B (10 points)
What does the "inner landscape" mean according to O'Donohue?
O'Donohue believed that our inner landscapes are shaped by our experiences, relationships, and the choices we make. He suggested that by exploring and nurturing our inner landscapes, we can find deeper understanding and meaning in our lives. This exploration can be done through introspection, meditation, prayer, or other forms of spiritual practice.
What connections does he make between contradictions, pain, self-
awareness, and life?
John O'Donohue, an Irish poet and philosopher, has written extensively on the themes of contradictions, pain, self-awareness, and life. His works often explore the interconnectedness of these elements. 1. Contradictions: O'Donohue suggests that life is full of contradictions, and it is through navigating these contradictions that we grow and
learn. He believes that contradictions are not necessarily negative; instead, they can lead to
deeper understanding and wisdom. 2. Pain: According to O'Donohue, pain is an integral part of life. He views pain not as a punishment, but as a teacher. Pain, he suggests, can lead to self-awareness as it forces us to confront our vulnerabilities and limitations. 3. Self-
Awareness: O'Donohue places a great emphasis on self-awareness. He believes that through self-awareness, we can better understand our contradictions and our pain. Self-
awareness, for O'Donohue, is the key to living a more authentic and meaningful life. 4. Life: O'Donohue sees life as a journey of discovery and learning. He believes that through embracing our contradictions, confronting our pain, and cultivating self-awareness, we can live a more fulfilling and enriching life. In summary, O'Donohue sees contradictions, pain, and self-awareness as interconnected aspects of life. By embracing these elements, rather than avoiding them, we can live a more authentic and meaningful life.
Why does he suggest that we consider our "clayography" (versus biography)?
He recommends that we give some thought to our "clayography" since it is a metaphor for the way in which the events that occur in our lives and the decisions that we make form and mold our lives. This serves as a timely reminder that we have the power to mold our lives in any direction we choose, thereby authoring our very own singular narrative.
Is a metaphor for the way our lives are fashioned by the choices we make and experiences we have. It serves as a timely reminder that we have the ability to mold our life in whatever
way we envision and to compose our very own singular narrative. It recommends that we stop what we're doing for a moment to evaluate how far we've come in our lives, as well as
the choices we've made and the directions we've chosen to go. It inspires us to find the recurring themes and patterns in our lives, as well as the defining moments that have contributed to our development as individuals. It serves as a reminder that we have the power to direct our own destinies and craft our own stories. In the end, it inspires us to take responsibility for our lives and to craft the narrative that we wish to convey about ourselves.
O'Donohue argues that in order to experience what it means to be alive, we must be intuned with our inner world. What does he mean
by that, and, what does that have to do with ethics, morality, and humanity?
For O'Donohue, this inner world is the source of our creativity, our intuition, and our capacity for empathy and compassion. By cultivating our inner world, we can become more ethical and moral individuals, better able to navigate the complexities of human relationships and society
O'Donohue's philosophy emphasizes the importance of recognizing our interconnectedness with others and the natural world, and how our actions impact the world around us. By being more attuned to our inner selves, we can develop a sense of responsibility and care for others and the environment. In this way, our ethical and moral choices are grounded in a deeper understanding of our own values and beliefs, rather than being dictated by
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external norms or expectations.
In summary, O'Donohue argues that being in tune with our inner world is essential for experiencing what it means to be alive, and for developing our ethical and moral capacities as human beings. By cultivating our inner selves, we can connect more authentically with others, act with greater compassion and empathy, and live a more meaningful and fulfilling life.