Lesson 1 Progress Check _ WAR-961S Ethics of Emerging Military Technologies4

12/23/23, 10:56 AM Lesson 1 Progress Check : WAR-961S Ethics of Emerging Military Technologies https://canvas.asu.edu/courses/153180/quizzes/1151412 1/8 Lesson 1 Progress Check Due No due date Points 100 Questions 10 Time Limit 15 Minutes Allowed Attempts Unlimited Instructions Attempt History Attempt Time Sco KEPT Attempt 5 (https://canvas.asu.edu/courses/153180/quizzes/1151412/history? version=5) 9 minutes 80 o of 1 LATEST Attempt 5 (https://canvas.asu.edu/courses/153180/quizzes/1151412/history? version=5) 9 minutes 80 o of 1 Attempt 4 (https://canvas.asu.edu/courses/153180/quizzes/1151412/history? version=4) 11 minutes 70 o of 1 Attempt 3 (https://canvas.asu.edu/courses/153180/quizzes/1151412/history? version=3) 9 minutes 70 o of 1 Attempt 2 (https://canvas.asu.edu/courses/153180/quizzes/1151412/history? version=2) 15 minutes 0 ou of 1 Attempt 1 (https://canvas.asu.edu/courses/153180/quizzes/1151412/history? version=1) 9 minutes 30 o of 1 This quiz checks your understanding of lesson concepts. This is a timed assessment. You are allowed multiple attempts. Minimum passing score is 80%. Take the Quiz Again (https://canvas.asu.edu/courses/153180/quizzes/1151412/take? user_id=486526)

12/23/23, 10:56 AM Lesson 1 Progress Check : WAR-961S Ethics of Emerging Military Technologies https://canvas.asu.edu/courses/153180/quizzes/1151412 2/8  Correct answers are hidden. Score for this attempt: 80 out of 100 Submitted Dec 23 at 12:56am This attempt took 9 minutes. 10 / 10 pts Question 1 According to Roff, in order to meet the principle of distinction, a Lethal Autonomous Robot [LAR] must be capable of making ______ decisions. tactical, but not operational or strategic tactical, operational, strategic, and grand-strategic tactical and operational, but not strategic tactical, operational, and strategic Answer is correct. Roff writes on page 217, ”Perhaps LARs will ultimately affect grand strategy, but this is not the level of strategy that they must be capable of creating. Rather, if they are to meet the international legal (and moral) requirements of the principle of distinction, they must be capable of making strategic, operational, and tactical decisions.” 10 / 10 pts Question 2 According to Johnson and Axinn, the decision ______________ whether to kill a human should be left up to properly-programmed autonomous systems, as they offer greater precision and impartiality than humans can.

12/23/23, 10:56 AM Lesson 1 Progress Check : WAR-961S Ethics of Emerging Military Technologies https://canvas.asu.edu/courses/153180/quizzes/1151412 4/8 Answer (a) is correct. “The Weaponization of Increasingly Autonomous Technologies: Considering how Meaningful Human Control might move the discussion forward” notes on page 8 that “This approach [from human intent] attempts to address what is seen as the fundamental issue presented by the weaponization of highly autonomous technologies: that a machine could take life and death decisions, without any human intent involved.” 0 / 10 pts Question 4 Incorrect Incorrect According to Kirkpatrick’s “Drones and the Martial Virtue Courage,” courage as a virtue differs from courage as an act. A terrorist flying an airplane into a building ______________ acts with courage but does not possess the virtue of courage. acts with courage and possesses the virtue of courage. acts without courage but possesses the virtue of courage. does not possess courage and does not act with courage. Answer is incorrect. Kirkpatrick writes on page 206, “An agent, like the terrorist, can act courageously without possessing and exercising the virtue of courage. The reason for this is because the terrorist does not engage the will in the sense that she intends to serve a just cause, nor does she serve an objectively good end.” (Emphasis in the original.) 10 / 10 pts Question 5 According to Sparrow’s “Robotic Weapons and the Future of War,” many believe that military service helps to develop virtues of character. Yet,

12/23/23, 10:56 AM Lesson 1 Progress Check : WAR-961S Ethics of Emerging Military Technologies https://canvas.asu.edu/courses/153180/quizzes/1151412 5/8 when military members are safe from harm because they operate their weapons remotely, they are denied the opportunity to display _____ willingness to work hard. excellence. courage and willingness to sacrifice. Answer is correct. Sparrow writes on page 126, “Taking humans ‘out of harm’s way’ by allowing them to fight remotely will also remove them from the opportunity to exercise those virtues that are currently constitutive of being a good warrior. Most dramatically, it does not seem possible to demonstrate courage. . . . It is also hard to see how . . . operators could demonstrate a willingness to sacrifice themselves for the good of the unit. It will still be possible for operators to work hard. . . .” obedience. 0 / 10 pts Question 6 Incorrect Incorrect Strawser notes that someone might object to the use of Uninhabited Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) on the ground that using them offends against the idea that morally justified combat should be a “fair fight.” He offers several defenses against this claim, among them that _____________ that a “fair fight” might engender violations of the jus in bello criterion of proportionality. that a “fair fight” might engender violations of the jus ad bellum criterion of proportionality. that a “fair fight” might engender violations of the jus in bello criterion of discrimination.

12/23/23, 10:56 AM Lesson 1 Progress Check : WAR-961S Ethics of Emerging Military Technologies https://canvas.asu.edu/courses/153180/quizzes/1151412 7/8 it is clearly the programmer’s responsibility. it is clearly the user’s responsibility. it is unclear how to place blame. Answer is correct. Cook writes on page 218, “It is not entirely clear who would bear responsibility, moral or legal, for mistakes involving automation.” 10 / 10 pts Question 9 According to Horowitz and Scharre, the principle of “meaningful human control” is intended, in part, _____________ to ensure that autonomous weapons can control humans when necessary to accomplish their mission. to ensure that a human is accountable for the actions of an autonomous weapon. Answer is correct. Horowitz and Scharre write on page 6, “[O]ne of the motivations behind a principle of ‘meaningful human control’ is the concern that greater autonomy in weapons could lead to an ‘accountability gap,’ where so many key tasks have been programmed to be performed by machine that, if there were an incident resulting in excessive civilian deaths, no human would have responsibility and be held accountable.” to ensure that autonomous weapons operate with at least 99.999% reliability in the absence of onboard redundant systems.

12/23/23, 10:56 AM Lesson 1 Progress Check : WAR-961S Ethics of Emerging Military Technologies https://canvas.asu.edu/courses/153180/quizzes/1151412 8/8 to ensure that autonomous weapons operate with at least 99.999% reliability, necessitating onboard redundant systems. 10 / 10 pts Question 10 According to Roff, it is difficult to know who is to blame if an autonomous weapon makes a mistake. For Roff, this difficulty results, in part __________ from the classified nature of such machines. from the Rules of Engagement governing the use of such machines. from the classified nature of operations involving such machines. from the complexities inherent in developing such machines. Answer is correct. Roff writes on page 214, "[T]he complexity required in creating autonomous machines strains the causal chain of responsibility. . . . This is because we must not only understand how much distance between creator/manufacturer/programmer and machine is required to hold those persons to account, but also to what extent we can hold those responsible for the decision to field or develop LARs [lethal autonomous robots] in the first place.” Quiz Score: 80 out of 100