Philosophy of Technology Final

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CUNY New York City College of Technology *

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2106

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Philosophy

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Jan 9, 2024

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Philosophy of Technology Final Professor Wagnon PhD Directions – Double space, 12 point font, times new roman, watch out for spelling and grammar, to answer simply begin with addressing the topic at hand, no need for grand historical survey or biographical detail unless asked. Make sure you are answering the question as fully as possible, using as many core-key words, terms, and ideas. Develop full arguments and describe all terms or key words. To submit, email your exams to my City Tech email by 12/20 (at midnight). In your exam, and email, don’t forget to include your name and class . Email them to me as either word files or pdf files ( NO sharepoint files, google docs, etc.). If you have any questions, email me. Specific – For each question-topic just approach the specific questions at hand and the theorists mentioned, simply define and explain each key word and theory, and develop them as they relate to each specific question. Look at past tests, write ups, your notes, as most everything has been covered already. The key to these questions is the issue of application where what I am looking for is your capacity to use these theories/theorists and apply their concepts and thoughts to different topics, i.e. in terms of analysis and explication. The more analysis/concepts/theory the better!!! Questions – Simple Question (Just answer Quickly) 1. Define the following terms and describe the following concepts/distinctions: Describe the differences between: (a) a Tool and a Machine, (b) Nature and Technology, (c) how the Ancients and Moderns viewed technology, (c) Value-Neutral vs. Value-Laden understanding of technology, (d) Determinism and Free-Will debates (Soft/Hard Determinism) in terms of questions of Technology (a) A tool is a device or instrument used to carry out a specific function or task, typically operated by hand. On the other hand, a machine is a mechanically, electrically, or electronically operated device designed to perform a range of tasks, often complex or repetitive, using energy sources other than human or animal effort. (b) Nature refers to the natural world and everything in it, including living and non-living things. Technology, on the other hand, encompasses human-made systems, tools, and artifacts designed to solve problems, perform tasks, or achieve specific goals. (c) The Ancients often viewed technology as primarily focused on practical and immediate applications to meet their basic needs. Moderns, in contrast, tend to view technology as more complex and expansive, with a greater emphasis on innovation, progress, and scientific understanding. (d) A value-neutral understanding of technology suggests that technology itself is neither inherently good nor bad—it is neutral and its moral or ethical implications depend on how it is used. In contrast, a value-laden understanding acknowledges that technology is inﬂuenced by societal values, ethics, and ideologies, implying that it inherently carries certain values or implications.

(e) Determinism suggests that events, including technological advancements, are predetermined or inﬂuenced by factors beyond human control. Soft determinism allows for some degree of free will within a framework of determinism, while hard determinism posits that all actions and events are determined and free will is an illusion. Debates around determinism and free will in the context of technology often revolve around whether technological progress is inevitable and beyond human inﬂuence or whether human choices shape its development. 2. Describe-explain in a few sentences: How or in what way is “ Time ” a piece of technology? Time, in the context of human measurement and perception, can be considered a piece of technology due to the various tools and systems created to quantify, measure, and manage it. Devices like clocks, calendars, and other timekeeping instruments are human inventions designed to organize and structure our understanding of time. The standardization of time, such as dividing it into hours, minutes, and seconds, and the development of precise timekeeping mechanisms, all represent human technological advancements aimed at managing and utilizing this abstract concept, enhancing our ability to coordinate activities, schedule events, and navigate daily life efficiently. Therefore, the conceptualization and manipulation of time through inventions and systems can be seen as a technological endeavor. Complex Question (Answer any 3 of the remaining 4 questions – these answers should be in depth, substantive, detailed, brilliantly analyzed, wonderfully described, exhaustive, etc.) 3. Post-Humanism & Bio-Technologies – Discuss the dynamics of biotechnology : Crispr, Stem Cells, Bio-Engineering, Cloning, Pharmacological Enhancement, etc., and how these developments will change society and most importantly, human beings. In your response include mention or coverage of Alfred Gell/Arthur C. Clarke and Carl Mitcham and the role the political imaginary plays here. In your answer, make sure you describe each of these technologies, one at a time, others that are relevant and discuss the problems and openings that are associated with them. Bio-technologies like CRISPR, stem cells, bio-engineering, cloning, and pharmacological enhancements have revolutionized our understanding and manipulation of biological systems. CRISPR-Cas9, for instance, is a gene-editing tool enabling precise modifications in the genetic code, potentially treating genetic disorders or diseases. Stem cells possess the unique ability to differentiate into various cell types, holding promise for regenerative medicine. Bio-engineering encompasses the design and creation of biological systems or organisms for specific purposes, ranging from creating synthetic organisms to developing biofuels. Cloning involves producing genetically identical copies of organisms. These advancements pose significant ethical, societal, and philosophical challenges. Arthur C. Clarke's concept of technology as "indistinguishable from magic" and Alfred Gell's anthropological perspective on art and agency raise questions about the ethical responsibilities associated with wielding such powerful technologies. Carl Mitcham's philosophy emphasizes the ethical dimensions of technology and the need for responsible innovation. The political imagination here is intricate. The manipulation of genetics and biological systems raises concerns about human identity, the commodification of life, and unequal access to these technologies. Discussions on the boundaries between enhancement and therapy, and the ethical implications of altering

the human genome, are crucial. Issues of consent, equity in access, and the potential creation of socio-economic disparities need addressing. 4. Post-Humanism & Electronic Technologies – Discuss the dynamics of Artificial Intelligence, the Internet, the Attention Economy, social media, AR/VR, and then after you have engaged with these, how these developments will change, economics, society, and individuals; in your response include mention or coverage of Martin Heidegger and the thoughts of Walter Benjamin . In your answer, describe each of these technologies, one at a time, and discuss the problems and openings that are associated with them. Artificial Intelligence (AI), the Internet, the Attention Economy, social media, and AR/VR have transformed societal landscapes. AI encompasses machine learning, enabling systems to learn and perform tasks that typically require human intelligence. The internet has connected the world, reshaping communication, commerce, and information dissemination. The Attention Economy leverages digital platforms to capture and monetize users' attention. Social media platforms have altered how we interact, share information, and perceive reality. AR/VR technologies offer immersive experiences beyond the physical realm. Martin Heidegger's philosophical perspective on technology as an enframing process, reducing things to a calculable resource, and Walter Benjamin's views on the aura and reproducibility in art, shed light on the dehumanizing potential of technological advancement and the loss of authenticity. These technologies bring forth concerns about privacy, surveillance, algorithmic bias, and the erosion of human connections. The commodification of attention and data exploitation pose ethical dilemmas. Furthermore, issues surrounding AI ethics, job displacement due to automation, and the digital divide exacerbate socio-economic disparities. 5. Post-Humanism and Bio-Politics – Take the different post-human developments that you have already discussed above, and break these down in terms of the varying political questions, conversations, and discussions that these breakthroughs have and will raise. Then discuss how the resources from Science, Technology, and Society approach questions of the function/role of democracies vis-à-vis the development of bio-technologies, modern electronic technologies, and the post-humanist transformations they are likely to produce. What are the basic questions that arise here, and what are the difficulties – explain in your answer. 6. Post-Humanism and Economics – Discuss the impact and role of the nature of the technologies involved in post-humanism as it pertains to their eventual economic impact. Here I want you to use Systems Theory and Marx’s Theory of Dialectical Materialism in your discussion, wherein you will use their theories to describe these economic transformations.

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Examining post-humanist technologies through the lens of Systems Theory and Marx's Dialectical Materialism reveals their economic impact. Systems Theory elucidates how these technologies function within complex socio-economic systems, affecting production, distribution, and consumption. Marx's theory highlights the role of technology in shaping economic structures. Post-humanist technologies, especially AI and biotechnologies, alter labor dynamics, redefining the nature of work and the means of production. They contribute to the consolidation of power and capital by corporations controlling these innovations, leading to potential exploitation and alienation of labor. These advancements also introduce new economic sectors, job markets, and investment opportunities. However, they exacerbate inequalities as those with access to and control over these technologies wield significant economic power. The commodification of biological materials and information exacerbates the capitalist framework, potentially reinforcing class divisions and socio-economic disparities. Artificial Intelligence (AI), the Internet, the Attention Economy, social media, and AR/VR have transformed societal landscapes. AI encompasses machine learning, enabling systems to learn and perform tasks that typically require human intelligence. The internet has connected the world, reshaping communication, commerce, and information dissemination. The Attention Economy leverages digital platforms to capture and monetize users' attention. Social media platforms have altered how we interact, share information, and perceive reality. AR/VR technologies offer immersive experiences beyond the physical realm. Martin Heidegger's philosophical perspective on technology as an enframing process, reducing things to a calculable resource, and Walter Benjamin's views on the aura and reproducibility in art, shed light on the dehumanizing potential of technological advancement and the loss of authenticity. These technologies bring forth concerns about privacy, surveillance, algorithmic bias, and the erosion of human connections. The commodification of attention and data exploitation pose ethical dilemmas. Furthermore, issues surrounding AI ethics, job displacement due to automation, and the digital divide exacerbate socioeconomic disparities Extra-Credit 7. Discuss – Walter Benjamin, Artificial Intelligence, Ancients and Moderns, the New Myth of Technology, Time, Determinism, Free Will, the Future, Mitcham à use these concepts and engage in a discussion about technology. Engaging Walter Benjamin's ideas with Artificial Intelligence (AI), the perspectives of Ancients and Moderns, the concept of the new myth of technology, time, determinism, free will, the future, and Carl Mitcham's technological philosophy offers a profound exploration of technology's essence and impact. Walter Benjamin, a critical theorist, explored how technology shapes human existence and cultural artifacts. His thoughts on the aura of artworks and the impact of mechanical reproduction shed light on technology's transformative role in altering human experiences. Benjamin's concerns about the loss of authenticity and human connection in the age of mechanical reproduction resonate with contemporary AI, which challenges human creativity and authenticity in various domains.

The dichotomy between Ancients and Moderns provides contrasting views on technology. The Ancients often viewed technology as linked to practicality and immediate utility, emphasizing craftsmanship and the natural world. In contrast, Moderns tend to perceive technology as progressive, driven by innovation and scientific understanding, creating a rift between tradition and advancement. The "new myth of technology" refers to society's fascination and belief in the transformative power of technology. This myth shapes perceptions of progress, often presenting technology as a solution to all societal issues. AI embodies this myth, promising unparalleled advancements while raising questions about its ethical implications, control, and impact on human existence. Time, as perceived and managed through technological advancements like clocks and calendars, aligns with Benjamin's views on how technological progress alters human perception and experiences of time. AI's efficiency and automation challenge our relationship with time, influencing productivity, schedules, and the pace of life. Determinism and free will intertwine in discussions about the future of technology. Determinism suggests that technological progress follows a predetermined path, while free will advocates believe in human agency and choice influencing technological development. AI's evolution and ethical concerns reflect this debate, raising questions about the ethical implications of AI systems and human intervention in their programming and decision-making. Carl Mitcham's technological philosophy emphasizes the ethical dimensions of technology, emphasizing responsible innovation and societal implications. Integrating Mitcham's perspective, discussions on AI must consider ethical frameworks, societal impacts, and the human consequences of technological advancement. In sum, the interplay of these concepts unveils the intricate relationship between technology and humanity. AI, as a pinnacle of technological progress, embodies the complexities, promises, and ethical challenges associated with the evolving landscape of technological advancements. Understanding these dynamics demands a nuanced examination, considering historical, philosophical, ethical, and societal dimensions.

Philosophy of Technology Final

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