Identifying and Assessing Arguments: Practice Exercises

Cristina Martinez PS3-Y18 Identifying Arguments Practice identifying arguments by recognizing the premise and conclusion sample arguments. Complete the following steps. 1. Save this file with a new name Click the File tab, click Save As, add your name to the end of the filename, then click Save. For example, save this file as PS3-Y18 Sharon Rodriguez.docx . 2. Get ready Members of the Quest 12 x 12 project team make the following recommendations for increasing tour reservations. 1. Because reservations for Quest tours usually increase when they are promoted actively, that means Quest should run a special promotion for the Trekking Tuscany and Trekking Umbria tours. 2. Since Quest added art classes to its Central American tours, enrollments decreased for those tours. As a result, Quest should stop offering art classes. 3. Customers like all kinds of classes on tours, including cooking workshops, art classes, and language courses. That means Quest should offer some type of class on every tour. 4. The 12 customers who rated the Australia tour as “excellent” took an optional side trip to the Blue Mountains near Sydney. That means Quest should include the Blue Mountains on its regular Australian itinerary. 3. Now you try it For each recommendation, identify the premise and the conclusion. Change the text color of the premise to red. Change the text color of the conclusion to blue. If the recommendation is not an argument, indicate that it is an assertion. 1. Because reservations for Quest tours usually increase when they are promoted actively, that means Quest should run a special promotion for the Trekking Tuscany and Trekking Umbria tours. The premise is because reservations for Quest tours usually increase when promoted actively. The conclusion is Quest should run a special promotion for the Trekking Tuscany and Trekking Umbria tours. You Try It

2. Since Quest added art classes to its Central American tours, enrollments decreased for those tours. As a result, Quest should stop offering art classes. The premise is since Quest added art classes to its Central American tours, enrollments decreased for those tours. The conclusion is that Quest should stop offering art classes. 3. Customers like all kinds of classes on tours, including cooking workshops, art classes, and language courses. That means Quest should offer some type of class on every tour. The premise is that customers like all kinds of classes on tours, including cooking workshops, art classes, and language courses. The conclusion is Quest should offer some type of class on every tour. 4. The 12 customers who rated the Australia tour as “excellent” took an optional side trip to the Blue Mountains near Sydney. That means Quest should include the Blue Mountains on its regular Australian itinerary. The premise is that the 12 customers who rated the Australia tour as “excellent” took an optional side trip to the Blue Mountains near Sydney. The conclusion is Quest should include the blue mountains on its regular Australian itinerary. Submit the document to your instructor as requested.

Cristina Martinez PS3-Y19 Assessing the Credibility of an Argument Practice assessing the credibility of an argument by identifying a sound argument. Complete the following steps. 1. Save this file with a new name Click the File tab, click Save As, add your name to the end of the filename, then click Save. For example, save this file as PS3-Y19 Sharon Rodriguez.docx . 2. Get ready Read the following arguments. Only one of the following arguments is a sound argument. 1. All famous Italian painters were born in 1994. Michelangelo is a famous Italian painter. That means Michelangelo was born in 1994. 2. Italian islands are named after American baseball players. Sicily is an island. Therefore, Sicily is the name of an American baseball player. 3. Venice is in Europe. Italy is in Europe. Therefore, Venice is in Italy. 4. At the beginning of any Quest tour in Italy, you fly to Rome. Trekking in Tuscany is a Quest tour in Italy. That means to start the Trekking in Tuscany tour, you fly to Rome. 3. Now you try it In the following space, copy and paste the sound argument. Explain why the argument you selected is sound. At the beginning of any Quest tour in Italy, you fly to Rome. Trekking in Tuscany is a Quest tour in Italy. That means to start the Trekking in Tuscany tour, you fly to Rome.  I believe the 4 th argument is the sound argument. Rome is the capital of Italy, and it has two airports. One of the airports is a larger, international airport, the latter is a smaller one. Therefore, it is logical that at the beginning of a Quest tour in Italy you would first fly to Rome. Tuscany is also in Italy. So it also makes sense that if you wanted to sign up for the Trekking in Tuscany tour you would first have to fly to Rome. All of the internal pieces of this argument are confirmed as legitimate, so it is the most sound argument of the four provided. Submit the document to your instructor as requested. You Try It

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PS3-Y20 Cristina Martinez Exploring Weaknesses in an Argument Practice exploring weakness in an argument by evaluating an argument. Complete the following steps. 1. Save this file with a new name Click the File tab, click Save As, add your name to the end of the filename, then click Save. For example, save this file as PS3-Y20 Sharon Rodriguez.docx . 2. Get ready Read the following arguments, which are all weak. 1. Quest should market tours to professionals in certain fields. Engineers are very meticulous. They would enjoy Quest tours if they knew more about them. 2. Assuming that most U.S. travelers want to stay in the United States this summer, Quest should promote popular American tours. 3. Quest should schedule monthly tours to Norway because it feels like the right thing to do. 4. Quest tour enrollments were high until Keisha Lane became vice president of operations. Her decisions are clearly causing the decline in tour sales. 3. Now you try it In the following space, explain why each argument is weak. 1. Quest should market tours to professionals in certain fields. Engineers are very meticulous. They would enjoy Quest tours if they knew more about them. The statement is based on a broad assumption that is not substantiated by any research or market data. This statement is also lacking fundamental information to validate its claims, and doesn’t provide any information on how the data was gathered, or why engineers in particular would represent a good target market for their tours. The statement is way overgeneralized which weakens the argument. 2. Assuming that most U.S. travelers want to stay in the United States this summer, Quest should promote popular American tours. You Try It

The assumption is a weak one, and has no real foundation for plausibility. I also think that it could easily be proven wrong by gathering market data or creating online surveys. The statement is also very limited in its scope and by focusing on only the popular tours it is doing itself a disservice by overlooking other tours which may also by popular or possibly lucrative. 3. Quest should schedule monthly tours to Norway because it feels like the right thing to do. The statement is very weak, relies on personal feelings, and has no concrete evidence that backs up its claims. The emotional appeal of it “feeling like the right thing to do” disregards important elements such as usefulness, profitability, and demands of the market. 4. Quest tour enrollments were high until Keisha Lane became vice president of operations. Her decisions are clearly causing the decline in tour sales. The statement is weak because it does not provide any information, dates, market data that backs up the statement. It also lacking examples of how Keisha’s new role or business decisions would’ve negatively affected tour sales. Submit the document to your instructor as requested.

PS3-Y21 Katherine Cervantes Overcoming Obstacles to Critical Thinking Practice overcoming obstacles to critical thinking by reacting to a scenario. Complete the following steps. 1. Save this file with a new name Click the File tab, click Save As, add your name to the end of the filename, then click Save. For example, save this file as PS3-Y21 Sharon Rodriguez.docx . 2. Get ready Read the following argument and the reactions to it. Each reaction includes an obstacle to critical thinking. Argument : Quest can increase tour sales by promoting Italian tours more aggressively. Reactions : 1. Remember that tour to Italy that was such a disaster? Our group was even caught in the middle of an earthquake! I don’t think we should promote the Italian tours at all—they’re dangerous. 2. Quest should actually keep a low profile throughout Europe. If we call attention to our tours, we make our customers targets for criminals. 3. I really think promoting Italian tours is the right solution to Quest’s problem. And I am usually right. 4. Everyone in the travel business believes that increasing promotion results in increased sales. 3. Now you try it In the following space, i dentify the obstacle in each reaction. Reaction #1 is holding on to an outlier; a previous incident when an Italy tour was caught in an earthquake. The odds of that happening again are slim, we should not remove tours to Italy based on that one incident. Reaction #2 is emotional; the fear of putting customer safety in jeopardy by drawing more attention to them, but that is a risk that comes to anyone, anywhere, not just tourists. You Try It

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Reaction #3 is egocentric thinking; assuming their perspective is the “normal” or “correct” view. Reaction #4 Is influenced by social conditioning, going with the flow of the perceived majority. Submit the document to your instructor as requested.

PS3-Y22 Katherine Cervantes Avoiding Deductive Reasoning Fallacies Practice avoiding deductive reasoning fallacies by evaluating arguments. Complete the following steps. 1. Save this file with a new name Click the File tab, click Save As, add your name to the end of the filename, then click Save. For example, save this file as PS3-Y22 Sharon Rodriguez.docx . 2. Get ready Read the following exchanges between customers and the new Quest tour assistant in Italy. 1. Customer : “Do you recommend the Adventures in Italy tour?” Tour assistant : “Yes. That tour is the best Italian tour Quest offers.” Customer : “Oh, really? Why is that.” Tour assistant : “It has the best tour developer at Quest. She was attracted to the Adventures in Italy tour because it has the best reputation. That’s because Quest designed it as the best Italian tour they offer.” 2. Customer : “I am thinking about enrolling on the Tuscany tour. I’d like to take a break from the tour on the third day to visit relatives, and then rejoin the group later. Can I do that?” Tour assistant : “No. If I make an exception for you, pretty soon everyone will want to take a break from the tour.” 3. Customer : “The brochure doesn’t list any activities for Sunday. How should I fit that into my budgeting plans?” Tour assistant : “You don’t need to make any plans. That day is free.” 4. Customer : “I am trying to choose between an Italian tour and one to Scandinavia. Can you send me information about tours to both destinations.” Tour assistant : “Let me tell you—everyone loves Italy. Either you take the Italian tour and have the time of your life, or you sign up for another tour and spend your money on a week of disappointments.” You Try It

3. Now you try it In the following space, identify the deductive reasoning fallacy in Conversation 1. Briefly describe how you would change the argument to overcome the fallacy. The fallacy in the 1 st conversation is circular reasoning. Elaborating on the positive reputation the tour holds would help overcome that fallacy. In the following space, identify the deductive reasoning fallacy in Conversation 2. Briefly describe how you would change the argument to overcome the fallacy. A slippery slope is the fallacy in the 2 nd conversation. Explaining why it’s important to stay with the tour for its entirety, would help to overcome this fallacy. In the following space, identify the deductive reasoning fallacy in Conversation 3. Briefly describe how you would change the argument to overcome the fallacy. This fallacy was probably not intentional, with it being equivocation. There seems to be a misunderstanding of the word “free.” Asking for clarification, and checking in with the itinerary, could help overcome this fallacy. In the following space, identify the deductive reasoning fallacy in Conversation 4. Briefly describe how you would change the argument to overcome the fallacy. The fallacy in the last conversation has false dilemmas surrounding the choice for a Scandinavian tour. Offering a layout of the itineraries, listing the pros and cons of each location, and maybe sharing some customer reviews, would help overcome this fallacy Submit the document to your instructor as requested.

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PS3-Y23 Katherine Cervantes Avoiding Inductive Reasoning Fallacies Practice avoiding inductive reasoning fallacies by evaluating arguments. Complete the following steps. 1. Save this file with a new name Click the File tab, click Save As, add your name to the end of the filename, then click Save. For example, save this file as PS3-Y23 Sharon Rodriguez.docx . 2. Get ready Read the following statements, looking for the inductive reasoning fallacy each uses. 1. I spoke to the new Quest tour assistant in Italy, and she seemed rather disorganized. I think all of Quest’s overseas staff are disorganized. 2. The new tour assistant in Italy has poor time management and customer management skills. Clearly, all of her professional skills are poor. 3. Successful tour assistants in other countries drive scooters. If the new tour assistant in Italy wants to be successful, she should drive a scooter. 4. When sales of ice cream go up, the new tour assistant in Italy orders additional brochures. 3. Now you try it In the following space, identify the inductive reasoning fallacy in each statement. Briefly describe how you would change the argument to overcome the fallacy. The first and second statements are a hasty generalization and errors in composition, made from very limited observations. Speaking with other assistants overseas could help draw a better conclusion to how organized Quest staff is overseas, along with determining if the new tour assistant’s professional skills are all poor, or if she only struggles with time and customer management. The third statement is mistakenly assuming that a scooter has anything to do with the success of a tour assistant, which is a false cause fallacy. Taking a closer look at the success of all tour assistants, regardless of the use of a scooter, could help overcome this fallacy. You Try It

The fourth statement is a fallacy of cause and effect; assuming that the coincidence in the purchase of more brochures is linked to the sales of ice cream. Checking the history of brochure purchases, tracking the sales of ice cream, and cross-referencing the two could help overcome this fallacy. Submit the document to your instructor as requested.

PS3-Y24 Darrielle Booth Becoming a Critical Thinker Practice becoming a critical thinker by identifying the habits of critical thinkers. Complete the following steps. 1. Save this file with a new name Click the File tab, click Save As, add your name to the end of the filename, then click Save. For example, save this file as PS3-Y24 Sharon Rodriguez.docx . 2. Get ready Read the following statements and consider whether each one describes a critical thinker. 1. It is unlikely that any overseas tour assistant will ever develop good customer service skills. 2. I assumed that the new tour assistant does not value promptness, but after talking to her, I think that assumption is wrong. 3. Based on my limited knowledge of business management, I recommend additional training for the new tour assistant. 4. I’ll try to help the new tour assistant improve her time and customer management skills. But if that doesn’t increase tour enrollments, I give up. Someone else can tackle this problem. 3. Now you try it In the following space, indicate whether each statement describes a critical thinker. Identify which habit each critical thinking statement demonstrates. 1. It is unlikely that any overseas tour assistant will ever develop good customer service skills. This is a good example of being cynical instead of critical which is counterintuitive to critical thinking. This thinking is negative and shows distrust in the assistants to develop skills necessary to do good business. This does not display critical thinking. 2. I assumed that the new tour assistant does not value promptness, but after You Try It

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talking to her, I think that assumption is wrong. This statement showcases critical thinking. The thinker in the statement held an assumption then questioned the assumption by talking to the tour assistant. After talking with her they challenged the assumption and were open to the fact that the assumption could have been wrong. Thus, demonstrating the critical thinking habit “challenge assumptions”. 3. Based on my limited knowledge of business management, I recommend additional training for the new tour assistant. In this example you can tell the thinker is recognizing the limits of their own knowledge and understanding. I think this step could lead to the critical thinking habits test and revise also observe and decide. This is critical thinking. 4. I’ll try to help the new tour assistant improve her time and customer management skills. But if that doesn’t increase tour enrollments, I give up. Someone else can tackle this problem. This is negative and cynical thinking. Critical thinkers should steer clear of becoming negative and cynical when trying to solve problems. Giving up indicates a person who does not have any confidence in their own ability to fix a problem. They are not thinking critically, they are basically resigning to give up if things don’t work out. Submit the document to your instructor as requested.

PS3-IC1 Darrielle Booth Independent Challenge 1 Help Lawrence Media solve a problem. Complete the following steps. 1. Save this file with a new name Click the File tab, click Save As, add your name to the end of the filename, then click Save. For example, save this file as PS3-IC1 Sharon Rodriguez.docx . 2. Get ready A recent problem is that the corporate apparel line has not been selling well in the last six months. Ken Lawrence asks you to attend a team meeting to discuss the problem and suggest solutions. Figure 3-17 (duplicated below) shows some of the suggestions made during the meeting. 3. Now you try it Some of the suggestions in Figure 3-17 are based on facts and others are based on opinion. In the following space, separate facts from opinions. You Try It

FACT OPINION BASED . › Submit the document to your instructor as requested.

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PS3-TechWork Darrielle Booth Technology @ Work: Electronic Books Explore electronic books. Complete the following steps. 1. Save this file with a new name Click the File tab, click Save As, add your name to the end of the filename, then click Save. For example, save this file as PS3-TechWork Sharon Rodriguez.docx . 2. Get ready 1. Open a Web browser such as Internet Explorer or Firefox, and go to the Amazon Web site at amazon.com. 2. Search for information about the Kindle. 3. Find a video or other explanation of how the Kindle works. 4. Find other sources of reading materials available for the Kindle, such as online reviews and articles 5. Take at least three screen shots of your activities researching the Kindle. (To take a screen shot, press the Print Screen key, click where you want to paste the image, and then press the Ctrl+V keys to paste it.) 3. Now you try it In the following space, paste at least three screen shots of your research activities. You Try It

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BSAD C222 Assignment Week 04 Group 6

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