Mod-4-Homework
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Apr 3, 2024
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Module 4 Homework
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QUESTIONS FOR THE PHILOSOPHICAL DICTIONARY
Who was Voltaire? Write a brief biography of him.
Writing in nearly every literary genre, including plays, poetry, novels, essays, histories, and scientific expositions, Voltaire was a diverse and prolific author. He penned two thousand books and almost 20,000 letters. One of the first writers to achieve international recognition and financial success was Voltaire. Being a vocal advocate for civil freedoms, he was always in danger due to the stringent censorship regulations enforced by the Catholic French monarchy. His polemics ridiculed the French establishment of the day, religious orthodoxy, and intolerance in general. His most and most famous work, Candide, is a novella that makes observations, critiques, and parodies several historical occurrences, intellectuals, and ideologies—
most notably Gottfried Leibniz and his notion that our world is the "best of all worlds”.
What was Voltaire’s personal motto? What did it mean? 'Crush the Infamy' was Voltaire's personal slogan, and it implied that ignorance and superstition were the root causes of many social injustices. The injustices, extremism, torture, and intolerance of religious beliefs were all things that he battled against.
Who are some of the "patriarchs" which Voltaire meets on his journey? Why are they sad? Numa Pompilius, the second king of Rome, is encountered by Voltaire while wearing a crown. He had profound faith in several gods, including Nymph and Jupiter, about whom he wrote extensively. The Romans lived through an era of relative prosperity and relative safety from war and other disasters throughout his
reign. But once he passed away, they started to forget about him and the values he taught. He went on to contact Zarathustra as well. Fewer details about him are known. Scholars in Greece have identified him as the penman of Gatha's, a chapter in the Zoroastrian holy book. A door that reads "When uncertain about the morality of an action, abstain." greets Voltaire as he passes by. It is implied that the person responsible for the deaths of the group acted callously and killed them on purpose so that they may satisfy their desires.
Who is the last person he meets?
The marks on his body were like those of whiplash, and he appeared to be a wise man in his thirties. His hands and feet were covered in blood. It seemed like it may have been
Jesus, both in my perspective and based on the description of the state of his corpse. Voltaire appeared to ask him how he could allow hypocrites to treat him in such a manner, and his attitude toward the entire situation was almost as if he had already forgiven them. He appeared to be wise and forgiving, and he stated that he had been left
in the state that he was in.
Judging from this reading, what do you think are Voltaire’s views on organized religion?
As a result of my research, I have concluded that Voltaire considered organized religion to be not only harmful but also inattentive. The information that I have gathered
concerning Voltaire's perspectives on organized religion has led me to this conclusion. In
the same manner that the other religious extremists did, he gave off the impression of being a hypocrite, just like everyone else did.
QUESTIONS FOR THE ABOLITION OF TORTURE (1764)
Who was Cesare Beccaria? Write a brief biography of him.
Cesare Bonesana di Beccaria was a multi-talented Italian who worked in economics, politics, law, philosophy, and criminology. He worked in economics as well. He was widely regarded as one of the most influential thinkers of the Enlightenment era. His most famous work, "On Crimes and Punishments," published in 1764, was a landmark in
the fields of penology and Classical School criminology, and it is largely responsible for his enormous fame. He vehemently opposed capital punishment and torture in this work.
Everyone agrees that Beccaria was the one who established the framework for contemporary criminal justice and criminal law.
John Bessler asserts that the Founding Fathers of the USA were profoundly impacted by
Beccaria's works.
What justifications are given for torture? How does Cesare Beccaria reply to these justifications?
A good punishment, according to Beccaria, would be one that was both obvious and suitable, and it would be administered quickly. In his opinion, this was the most appropriate kind of discipline. Torture and the death penalty were two things he strongly opposed since, in his view, they were cruel and ineffectual. A person should not only be put through pain when they are punished; they should also be discouraged from repeating similar acts in the future.
How, according to Beccaria, should the gravity (and hence the severity of punishment) of a crime be determined? What should not determine it?
On the other hand, the criminal activity's influence on the preexisting environment should
determine the gravity of the consequences. It is from this perspective that decisions are being considered. According to Beccaria, the point of punishment is not to make the offender feel bad about themselves; rather, it's to deter them from doing bad things again and to make them think twice before committing the same crime. Additionally, Beccaria fought against the use of the death sentence, which is another contentious subject. In his opinion, the state does not have the authority to respond to acts of violence by other acts of violence. Also, Beccaria thought that the death sentence was a pointless and ineffective form of punishment. The death sentence is only effective for a short period; it does not have a permanent effect; hence, it cannot be considered an effective means of crime prevention.
How would you
define torture? My understanding of torture is that it is a state in which a person is subjected to persistent pain, the intensity of which might vary quickly or slowly depending on the person who is administering it.
Is torture ever justified? When? How?
I think torture is never justified when a person commits a crime I think they should receive a rightful punishment yes, I even agree with the death sentence for some crimes because I feel there is no learning from these types of mistakes.
QUESTIONS FOR NATHAN THE WISE (1779)
What question is Nathan answering for Saladin?
The wise one is Nathan narrates the story of a ring that, when worn, causes the person who wears it to be beloved by God. This is to answer the question that Sultan Saladin raised concerning the existence of religion. Here is Nathan's response to the question that was asked. Throughout the course of history, pieces of jewelry have been handed down from one individual to the next, from one generation to the next.
In Nathan's story, there are three rings. What will distinguish one ring from the other two?
Both the genuine and the imitation versions of the ring were indistinguishable from one another. There was a domino effect of disagreements that occurred as a result of the boys' natural claim to possession of the ring. According to Nathan, however, it is not the authenticity of the ring that makes them acceptable to God; rather, it is their ongoing virtuous lifestyles that make them acceptable to God. As a result, it does not matter whether the ring is real or something else.
What does this parable have to say about religious differences?
Daya, who is Recha's nurse, plays a part in the maturation of the love shared by the Jewish and Christian youth. Daya is an integral aspect of the maturation of love. Love is the setting in which the two young people find themselves attracted to one another.
QUESTIONS FOR VIRGINIA STATUTE FOR RELIGIOUS FREEDOM (1786)
Who wrote this law? The Virginia General Assembly approved it on January 16, 1786, and Thomas Jefferson wrote it. It was the precursor of the First Amendment's guarantees of religious freedom. The legislation is based on Jefferson's ideology and is divided into three paragraphs.
What is the difference between religious toleration and religious liberty?
The decision to follow a particular faith is a matter of personal preference; you are free to
follow whatever faith you desire or none. To describe this circumstance, the term "religious freedom" is used. Once religion is permitted, everything else is accepted in the
same way. Is it more important to have the freedom to worship than it is to have the freedom to not be affiliated with any religious group?
Who coined the phrase, "a wall of separation between church and state"? What does this phrase mean?
Originally used by Thomas Jefferson to characterize the "wall of separation between church and state," the term "separation of church and state" has several other roots. This is still the case even if the concept is ancient. John Locke and the other philosophers of the Enlightenment greatly popularized the theory. According to Jefferson, the First Amendment's religious clauses represent the will of "the whole American people," who vowed that their government should not "make no law respecting
an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof, thereby building a wall between church and state." Jefferson thought that the First Amendment's guarantees of religious freedom represented the desire of the people.
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