Philosophy Exam Reveiw 8

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Philosophy Exam Reveiw Study online at https://quizlet.com/_df7o3x 1. Plato's republic Socratic dialogue written by Plato 375 BC Greece 2. Plato's apology The apology of socrates written by plato, socratic dialogue 3. Plato's cave 1. Part of the republic 2. Based on a discussion from his brother, Glacon, and socrates 3. Men live under a cave 4. The men represent us as thinkers 5. The only light comes from the passage way above 6. the prisoners are chained so they cannot move or see 7. when they talk, they think it's their shadows 8. objects pass through the passageway with fire behind to reflect images 9. the objects represent the ideas of reality 10. the objects are of men and animals to create a story 11. the prisoners cannot make connections because they are entrapped to their reality 12. one prisoner is freed and the light burns his eyes 13. as he gets closer, he wants to turn away from the light 14. he slowly adjusts to true reality 15. he starts making connections to the above world 16. he feels sorry for his fellow prisoners 17. he is forced back in the cave 18. the darkness hurts and he misses the above 19. the prison represents reality from our eyes 20. the light represents the reality of others 21. the climb up represents the ascent into the domain of true knowledge 4. Plato's Crito about socrates death sentence and morality escape 5. Plato's Euthy- phro about holiness 6. Plato's Thrasy- machus about justice 7. Platonic forms 1 / 17

Philosophy Exam Reveiw Study online at https://quizlet.com/_df7o3x Asserts that the physical world is only a shadow or image of the frye reality. The forms are abstract, perfect, and unchanging concepts that transcend time and space. - why there is order and structure in the world - pre existing knowledge of a perfect form - i.e the form of a chair 8. Personifica- tion/Anthropo- morphism something not human is given a human identity 9. Three divisions of philosophy epistemology metaphysic ethics 10. epistemology Knowledge 11. Metaphysics ideas outside human perception 12. Ethics morality 13. Group think Irving Janis - 1971 when a group of people make decisions based on others opinion rather than their own to conform 14. Prince Book by machiavelli written 1513 published 1532 after his death about power 15. Plato SPA, Greek, The republic, 428/27 BC, Socratic dialogues, platonic forms 16. Jean Paul Sarte Modern French philosophers 17. Bertrand Russell english philosopher, wrote the value of philosophy, be- lieved philosophers develop and change overtime 18. Al Fabari The virtuous city 19. Avicenna the book of healing 2 / 17

Philosophy Exam Reveiw Study online at https://quizlet.com/_df7o3x 20. John Locke + Rousseau social contract 21. Machiavelli and his political ideas Born May 3, 1469 in Florence Italy Attended University of florence In 1513 he was imprisoned and tortured Wrote the Prince in 1513 Wrote an expose of the republican rule masquerading as a commentary on roman republic work died 1527 believes that only proper application of power can people obey and have safety and stability a wise ruler should never keep faith when by doing so it would be against us interests better to be feared than loved 22. St Thomas more Wrote Utopia and said that a humanist is one who studies human nature, interests, and values. 23. St Thomas Au- gustin A north African scholar, Catholic theologian, and philoso- pher, built on stoicism in his books. He was born 354 - 430 CE 24. Who was Aver- roes Arabic Muslim philosopher Ibn Rushd (1126-1198) 25. Who was St Thomas Aquinas Italian Philosopher and theologian Catholic 1225-1274 26. Shri Mad- hvacharya Indian Hindu philosopher (1238-1317) 27. William of Oc- cam English Philosopher (1288-1348) Embraced Fideism (the view that the belief in god is a matter of faith alone) 28. What two ideas were popular Neoplatonism and humanism 3 / 17

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Philosophy Exam Reveiw Study online at https://quizlet.com/_df7o3x during the re- naissance period 29. What is the fa- mous quote by Rene Descartes I think therefore I am 30. two philoso- phers during the early modern pe- riod Thomas Hobbes and blaise Pascal 31. Late modern pe- riod philosopher Gottfried Leibniz (German, mathematician) 32. Inductive rea- soning specific to general conclusions that are probably true 33. deductive rea- soning general to specific conclusions that are divinity true. Examples hypothetical, categorical, disjunctive 34. Abductive rea- soning probable conclusions 35. Valid reasoning conclusions logically followed by a premise 36. invalid reasoning conclusion does not logically follow the premise 37. Categorical syl- logism two premises, one conclusion, three terms All I are M, all P are I, therefore all P are M Example All ideas exist only in our minds, all things we perceive are ideas, therefore all things we perceive are only in our minds. 38. 4 / 17

Philosophy Exam Reveiw Study online at https://quizlet.com/_df7o3x Disjunctive syl- logism two premises, one conclusion, one premise is a disjunc- tive statement while the other is denial. Either r or s, not r, therefore s Example Either it is raining or the sprinklers are on, it is not raining, therefore the sprinklers are on 39. Hypothetical syl- logism hypothetical or conditional argument, opens with an an- tecedent and followed with a consequent If P then Q, therefore P/therefore not Q Example If it is sunny, then it is a beautiful day. Therefore beautiful days are sunny 40. Law of non con- tradiction Nothing can be said to be and not to be at the same time and in the same respect 41. proposition a statement considered to be true or false... Questions and commands are not propositions 42. Sir Francis Ba- con - Idols of the mind idols of the mind (biases to all humans) Idols of the cave (biases to individuals) idols of the tribe (ill-defined or ambiguous words) idols of the theatre (arising from thoughts systems) 43. ad hominem 5 / 17

Philosophy Exam Reveiw Study online at https://quizlet.com/_df7o3x dismissing a statement without actually proving its false (Thats stupid) 44. Ad lapidem attacking the person rather then the argument (Youre stupid) 45. Appeal to author- ity gaining support by citing a incompetent authority figure (my mom says...) 46. Appeal to num- bers gaining acceptance by using the support of many people (Most people agree with me) 47. Appeal to people appealing to emotion (people would be upset if you said that) 48. Begging the question proving a conclusions true by assuming the conclusions true (The Bible is the Word of God because the Bible says it is the Word of God) 49. Cultural fallacy taking ones culture as the standard of good (In the US we do it this way) 50. Logical fallacies makes argument less effective and convincing 51. Fallacy of statis- tics misapplying stats to a single situation (20% of people win something in the lottery so I should by 5 tickets and win) 52. Posioning the well attacking the argument using bias (Youre just saying that because youre a girl) 6 / 17

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Philosophy Exam Reveiw Study online at https://quizlet.com/_df7o3x 53. subjectivism saying its true because you believe its true (Its true because i feel its true) 54. Equivication when a word or expression in an argument is used in two different ways or changes its meaning. (Since I saw nobody in the room and you saw nobody in the room, we both saw the same person.) 55. quoting out of context quoting a statement in such a way as to distort its meaning by removing the statement from the words and phrases surrounding it (Well, didn't Jesus say to hate your parents?) 56. argumentum ad nauseam believing that the more times an argument is heard the more likely it is to be true, or simply repeating an assertion instead of arguing for or proving it. (I am right. I am right. I am right. I am right. I am right.) 57. faulty generaliza- tion asserting a universal statement unsupported by evidence (Everyone knows this is true) 58. cum hoc ergo propter hoc (false cause) asserting that the fact that two events occur together means that they are causally related (My dad was born in 1939 and World War I broke out in 1939. Obviously he caused World War Il.) 59. fallacy of decom- position asserting that what holds true for a class as a whole holds true for each member of the class. (Canadians drink more beer than anyone in the world. Therefore vou drink more beer than an Australian.) 60. Straw man 7 / 17

Philosophy Exam Reveiw Study online at https://quizlet.com/_df7o3x presenting a false statement of someone else's argument and then attacking that (Guys in general are better at math than girls. - Oh, so youre saying that girls are stupid.) 61. difference be- tween a deduc- tive and induc- tive argument A deductive argument is a definite statement, an inductive argument is a probable statement. Example Inductive: Most of our snowstorms come from the north. It's starting to snow. This snowstorm must be coming from the north. Deductive Reasoning: All of our snowstorms come from the north. 62. Ontological ar- gument for the existence of God: God is a being greater than which cannot be conceived If you could think of something greater than God surely this something would be good Think of two beings, one that exists and one that does not Being real is greater than being fictional. So the one that exists is greater So if God didn't exist, we could think of a greater being than God 63. The five ways of Aquinas Argument from the unmoved mover: everything is in motion. something had to get the move- ment started. It is God. Argument from the uncaused cause: everything has a cause, something had to be the first cause, it is God. Argument from possibility and necessity: Things exist, something that already exists had to make them, this is God Argument from degrees of quality: some things are better than others in certain characteristics, there must be per- 8 / 17

Philosophy Exam Reveiw Study online at https://quizlet.com/_df7o3x fect, this is God. Argument from design: The world has a designer. It is God. 64. Turing test Alan turing to determine AI intelligence 65. Chinese room Searle disproved turing test 66. Atoms Democritus atomic theory 67. Buddhist thought anti metaphysical 68. Enduring self Opposite of western trad rational view, Diotima. the body as the enduring self The soul The memory no self view 69. "Only mind ex- ists" Vasubandhu, eastern idealist 70. Problem of evil st Augustine evil is the absence of good, and so when good is done we cannot call it evil. That said god didnt create evil as it is not created at all 71. principal if inde- terminacy Hesinburg, math and science 72. Psychological egoism humans act only in self interest, shilick 73. quantum physics making sense of superposition stakes 74. subjective ideal- ism nothing but perception exists - george berkly 9 / 17

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Philosophy Exam Reveiw Study online at https://quizlet.com/_df7o3x 75. Zeno's Paradox motion is not real 76. objective time God 77. Subjective time us 78. functionalism hardware and software of the mind 79. Naturealism sees gods activity ceasing to exist after creation, god works through secondary sources 80. pragmatism consequences of our actions 81. tautology batcher's are unmarried 82. monism one substance 83. Dulism mind and body 84. idealism only the mind 85. materialism composed of matter 86. Eastern Idealism Only mind exists Vasbandhu said we don't directly perceive objects but only the sensations How do we know where sensations come from, we dont they seem real but so do objects in dreams 87. western idealism The belief that reality is an idea of mind not matter Founder George Berkeley All knowledge of matter is from mental sensations Subjective = all we know is our own ideas Objective = ideas only exist in an objective state (plato's forms) 88. Western materi- alism Democritus the universe is composed only of empty space and atoms in motion 10 / 17

Philosophy Exam Reveiw Study online at https://quizlet.com/_df7o3x Hobbes The universe is all measurable matter and nothing else, even mentality is the state of the material brain. 89. Eastern Material- ism The Charvaka philosophers of India taught that there is only one source or knowledge: perception. Inductive reasoning goes beyond what can be seen and deductive reasoning relies on generalizations about the world. We can only know material things. If we don't know something, we can't know if it exists. 90. objections to eastern and western materi- alism 1) cant explain consciousness 2) we can think of things that do not exist 3) consciousness can't be measured or weighed 91. objections to eastern and western idealism anthropomorphism: human traits to non humans Why do we assume we are not perceiving real things? Where does the assumption come from? Is the objective idealists idea of platonic forms or god giving intelligence and order to the universe just us 92. Western tradi- tional rational view We are creatures with rational minds we can control our appetites and aggressions we are distinct from the material world self mastery comes from self control less use of reason means less humans (Socrates, Plato, Aristotle) 93. Western tradi- tional religious view humans are made in God's image There is something of divinity in nature purpose of life is to achieve happiness by serving God 11 / 17

Philosophy Exam Reveiw Study online at https://quizlet.com/_df7o3x The ability to love and know are features of man (St Augustine, St Aquinas) 94. Feminist chal- lenge Rational view is sexist Women seen as inferior Women are not inferior so rational view is wrong Women's traits are desire and feeling 95. Existentialist challenge Condemned to be free No universal human nature bad faith create our own human nature not defined by rationality humans have no purpose There is no God 96. Darwinian chal- lenge Offspring inherit variations from parents All creature locked in a survival struggle Abilities from animals People are not designed for a purpose 97. epistemology study of knowledge 98. a posterior pertaining to knowledge stated empirically in verifiable statements; inductive reasoning (based on known facts from the PAST) 12 / 17

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Philosophy Exam Reveiw Study online at https://quizlet.com/_df7o3x 99. a priori prior to rational experience; deductive reasoning 100. empiricism knowledge derived from experience 101. rationalism self evident propositions are the sole basis of all knowl- edge rationalists focus on reason 102. primary qualities weight shape size 103. secondary quali- ties texture, smell colour 104. cogito ergo sum I think therefore I am 105. Copy Theory operation of senses 106. sense data Our conscience perceives not the actual object but our sensory and imaging impressions. 107. innate ideas ideas we are born with 108. menos slave socraties discusses with meno the concept of innate ideas 109. perception how we become aware of things 110. skepticism doubting until proved (Kant) 111. transcendental idealism the form of our knowledge derived from reason, but it's content comes from our senses (kant) 112. noumental world actual world Kant 113. phenomenal world world mind constructs 114. pragmatic theory of truth what we want 13 / 17

Philosophy Exam Reveiw Study online at https://quizlet.com/_df7o3x 115. coherence theo- ry of truth its true when it fits with what we believe 116. correspondence theory of truth A belief is true when it corresponds with what is "out there" in the real world. 117. Instrumental View of Scientific Truth science theories can be true in the sense that they enable us to accurately predict what will happen and only unob- servable entities do not exist 118. Realist View of Scientific Truth scientific theories are literally true or false and the unob- servable entities only exist if the theory is true 119. Conceptualist View of Scientific Truth a scientific theory is nothing more than a theory that coheres with conceptual framework accepted by a com- munity of scientists 120. knowledge a warranted true belief 121. warrantability evidence or justification of 122. logical war- rentability denying these logical statements paralyzes all thoughts 123. Semantic War- rantability one term is implied, the other is a definition 124. systematic war- rantability warrantability is furnished by the system they're apart of 125. emperical war- rentability relies on sense data, only untrue if person is lying 126. mathematikoi religious and ritualistic aspects of Pythagoras teachings 127. tabula rasa individuals are born without built-in mental content, and therefore all knowledge comes from experience or per- ception 14 / 17

Philosophy Exam Reveiw Study online at https://quizlet.com/_df7o3x 128. Conflict between Religion and Sci- ence The work is "one long, vitriolic, anti-Catholic diatribe" He blames the Church for almost every bad thing in history. 129. Warfare of Sci- ence and Theolo- gy White was less rapid than Draper and his work was well-documented, giving it more credibility. Unfortunately, he uses fallacious arguments, bogus or suspect sources, collectivism 130. ontology the science if being 131. scientific method how a universal statement can never be proved 132. scientific truth claims about the universe, events and properties of it that is the main concern of the theories about Truth. 133. geometry coherence theory of truth 134. X is not non x logical fallacy 135. systematic war- rentability i am in pain 136. empirical war- rantability no circle is square 137. Rene descartes i think therefore i am 138. john locke copy theory, sense data, empiricism, primary and sec- ondary qualities 139. Immanuel kant nomuneal, phenomenal, and transcendental idealism 140. Absolutism actions are right or wrong based on moral standard, proof being that there are certain moral laws found in society. 141. objections to ab- solutism 1. How does one determine what the universal standard is 15 / 17

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Philosophy Exam Reveiw Study online at https://quizlet.com/_df7o3x 2. Ethical skepticism: we don't even know what words like right and wrong mean 142. Relativism actions are right and wrong based on society approves or disapproves of them, proof being that there are many cultures with different standards 143. objections to relavism 1. How do we decide if society's thinking is an issue? 2. Does this make the government the decider of right and wrong 3. Why should society and not the individual decide All societies have common moral laws Does disagreement mean all views are equal 144. Deontology/prob- lems Good is connected with doing our duties. Any impulse which is our duty is good, those that draw us away are evil. Problems: 1. How do we know what our duty is? 2. What happens when different duties conflict? 145. Utilitarian- ism/problems Greatest reality is human pleasure and pain. We should act in a way that produces best possible happiness in the greatest number Problems 1. How does one quantify pleasure? 2. The individual is unimportant 146. Hedonism: EPI- CURUS Pleasure is the only good. Men should always seek the most pleasurable situation. Avoid pain. 147. Teleology: ARIS- TOTLE Anything that promotes purpose is good, anything that frustrates is bad 148. Determinism everything happens in accordance with some pattern or law\ every event has prior conditions that cause it, so each event is at least theoretically predictable. There is only one path from past to present to future. it is not possible to make the future other than what it will be. 16 / 17

Philosophy Exam Reveiw Study online at https://quizlet.com/_df7o3x Causal determination rules out human freedom. humans are therefore not responsible for their actions. materialism and determinism are closely linked. 149. Libertarianism determinism is false and people are free to choose we are free because of the following argument: "Humans are able to stand in the present but look into the future which has not yet happened. Humans thus stand apart from the world. They can conceive what does not exist. He calls this the ability to apprehend "negativity" or "non-be- ing". Thus the past and present doesn't determine a human's future. Some determinists hold that Quantum Physics shows that the future is not determined by the present 150. Compatabilitism reconcile freedom and responsibility In this view, freedom is defined as the ability to act on what one wishes to do A person is responsible for what he does because those actions flow from him. 151. theory of Just War postulates the belief that war, while it is terrible but less so with the right conduct, is not always the worst option. Aquinas 17 / 17