Business and Society_ Stakeholders, Ethics, Public Policy 17e Lawrence TB 05_version1
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Feb 20, 2024
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Student name:__________
TRUE/FALSE - Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false.
1)
Ethics are primarily based on religious beliefs.
⊚
true
⊚
false
2)
Ethical ideas are present in all societies, all organizations, and all individual persons.
⊚
true
⊚
false
3)
If all people relied on ethical relativism, there would be no universal ethical standards on which people around the globe could agree.
⊚
true
⊚
false
4)
Business must develop its own definition of what is right and wrong, apart from ethics.
⊚
true
⊚
false
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5)
Business cannot expect to be profitable while adhering
to ethical principles of conduct.
⊚
true
⊚
false
6)
The U.S. Corporate Sentencing Guidelines provide a strong incentive for businesses to promote their ethics at work.
⊚
true
⊚
false
7)
The Sarbanes–Oxley Act requires that firms maintain good financial practices, apart from high ethical standards, in how they conduct and monitor business operations.
⊚
true
⊚
false
8)
An ethical egoist acts for the benefit of others and sacrifices self-interest.
⊚
true
⊚
false
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9)
Because managers make major decisions, they have limited opportunity to influence the ethical tone of the firm.
⊚
true
⊚
false
10)
Only in the last few years have scholars found a positive relationship between an organization's economic performance and attention to spiritual values.
⊚
true
⊚
false
11)
Managers in the same company are likely to be at the same stages of moral reasoning at any given time.
⊚
true
⊚
false
12)
For managers who reason at stages 2 and 3, their personal rewards, recognition from others, or compliance with
the company's rules become their main ethical compass.
⊚
true
⊚
false
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13)
According to utilitarian reasoning, an action is ethically preferred when its benefits outweigh its costs.
⊚
true
⊚
false
14)
Business managers should use all four methods of ethical reasoning—virtues, utility, rights, and justice—to better understand ethical issues at work.
⊚
true
⊚
false
15)
Moral intensity refers to the perception of how illegal an ethical issue is.
⊚
true
⊚
false
MULTIPLE CHOICE - Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
16)
A conception of right and wrong is
A) impossible to know.
B) the definition of ethics.
C) determined by power.
D) based on stakeholder dialogue.
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17)
People's ethical principles come from
A) legislative action and judicial decisions.
B) reading the company's profit and loss statements.
C) their religious background, family, and education.
D) the organization's code of ethics.
18)
Ethical relativism is most accurately defined by which statement?
A) Ethical principles transcend all periods of time in history.
B) What’s ethical in one society may be forbidden in another.
C) Ethical beliefs are identical across international boundaries.
D) All religions agree on a common set of universal ethical standards.
19)
Businesses are expected to be ethical in their relationships with
A) stockholders.
B) customers.
C) competitors.
D) All of these choices are correct.
20)
What normative reason is there for business to be ethical, according to Figure 5.1?
A) to enhance business performance
B) to promote personal morality
C) to meet the demands of stakeholders
D) to comply with Version 1
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legal requirements
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21)
How do ethical business practices impact the sentencing of an employee convicted of criminal activity, according to the U.S. Corporate Sentencing Guidelines?
A) There is no impact because a firm is never responsible for the actions taken by an employee.
B) The degree of blame is calculated based on how strong the firm’s ethical policies are.
C) The U.S. Sentencing Commission does not take ethics into account when sentencing.
D) The U.S. Corporate Sentencing Guidelines are temporarily suspended while under review.
22)
Under the Sarbanes–Oxley Act, corporations are required to
A) have executives vouch for the accuracy of a firm’s financial reports.
B) have their audit committee comprised of only executives employed by the firm. C) collect reimbursements from the U.S. government if financial restatements occur.
D) transparently report the number of employees who consistently do the right thing.
23)
A purchasing agent giving an exclusive contract to a supplier, from which she received a valuable gift, is an example of
A) conflict of interest.
B) ethical relativism.
C) moral development.
D) altruistic behavior.
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24)
Cross-cultural contradictions arise due to
A) the emergence of a developing country’s economic power.
B) religious differences practiced by business executives.
C) differences between home and host countries’ ethical standards.
D) All of these choices are correct.
25)
An ethics issue based on cross-cultural contradictions is best illustrated by which example?
A) legally marketing a pesticide abroad that has been banned in the United States
B) circumventing government regulations to ensure company profits
C) hiring child workers in violation of civil law
D) false and misleading advertising claims
26)
A recent study found that, compared to the 1980s, managers today place what level of importance on moral values, such as honesty and forgiveness?
A) less important
B) about the same importance
C) slightly more important
D) triple the importance
27)
According to an annual Gallup poll, which occupation was consistently ranked the highest for honesty and ethics?
A) lawyers
B) bankers
C) nurses
D) clergy
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28)
Why do some disagree with the trend toward a stronger presence of religion in the workplace?
A) Bringing religion into the workplace causes stress for the majority of workers.
B) Spirituality increases personal growth but has no impact on the business world.
C) They cite the separation of church and state in the United States and other countries.
D) People with a strong religious identity tend to take less responsibility for their decisions.
29)
As spirituality in the workplace has increased, how have some organizations responded?
A) partnered with local churches and temples to allow spiritual visits for workers
B) created ways to allow for religious diversity and expression at work
C) disallowed employees from engaging in religious activities on the job
D) built separate physical areas for those who are religious and those
who are not
30)
Which age groups within the stages of moral development apply egocentric reasoning?
A) adulthood only
B) mature adulthood
C) childhood, youth
D) youth, early adulthood
31)
In early adulthood, young people can improve their level of moral reasoning by
A) learning the Version 1
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give-and-take of group life.
B) spending quality time with mature adults.
C) being caregivers to infants and children.
D) watching family-oriented television daily.
32)
How would a manager at moral reasoning level 4, full adulthood, likely respond to a new government regulation?
A) comply with the law
B) ignore the new ruling
C) consult with a group
D) complain to management
33)
Mature adults typically base their ethical reasoning on broad principles and relationships such as
A) human rights and constitutional guarantees of human dignity.
B) universal principles of justice, such as equal treatment.
C) customs and traditions displayed by their peers.
D) Both “human rights and constitutional guarantees of human dignity” and “universal principles of justice, such as equal treatment” are correct.
34)
Business managers need a set of ethical guidelines to help them
A) understand the changing customs throughout the world.
B) justify their own self-serving solutions.
C) identify and analyze the nature of an ethical problem.
D) decide which action is likely to bring the best financial result.
35)
Aristotle argued
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A) self-control is the most virtuous of values.
B) faith is a road to charity and modesty.
C) moral virtue is a mean between two vices.
D) high-
mindedness delivers human integrity.
36)
When the benefits of an action outweigh its costs, the action is considered ethically preferred according to
A) utilitarian reasoning.
B) virtue ethics.
C) theological reasoning.
D) Plato and Aristotle.
37)
The main drawback to utilitarian reasoning is that
A) the majority may override the rights of those in the minority.
B) managers using this reasoning process often fail to consider the means taken to reach the end.
C) it is difficult to accurately measure both costs and benefits.
D) cost-benefit calculations can only be provided by accountants.
38)
At the core of rights reasoning is the belief that
A) the company's right to a profit must be protected.
B) respecting others is the essence of human rights.
C) the right to join a union is no longer universally accepted.
D) economic and political powers determine who is right.
39)
A just or fair ethical decision occurs when
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A) the rights of all affected are considered.
B) the greatest good for those with power is achieved.
C) benefits and burdens are distributed in fair proportions.
D) benefits exceed costs.
40)
The reason(s) behind the uncertainty of an ethical decision is(are) that different people and groups
A) may use different sources of information.
B) may rank various rights in different ways.
C) may not share the same meaning of justice.
D) All of these choices are correct.
41)
One factor in determining the moral intensity of an ethical issue is how quickly the consequences take effect, a factor that is known as
A) temporal immediacy.
B) social consensus.
C) proximity.
D) probability.
42)
As a factor of moral intensity, how does the proximity of an issue affect the decision maker?
A) The shorter the physical distance, the lower the intensity.
B) The greater the psychological distance, the higher the intensity.
C) The greater the empathy, the higher the intensity.
D) The shorter the social distance, the lower the intensity.
43)
Why is it important for an ethical decision maker to consider the probability that the action will lead to the consequences predicted?
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A) to solve the problem before time runs out
B) to mitigate the likelihood of harm
C) to stay in line with social consensus
D) to save face if things don’t work out
44)
A high magnitude of consequences that increases the moral intensity of an ethical issue is best exemplified by which of the following?
A) A manager used company funds to pay for personal
expenses.
B) A contract employee recorded more hours than he or she actually worked.
C) An employee stole several packs of paper clips from the supply closet.
D) A food product contaminated with salmonella was distributed to stores.
45)
Which type of ethical issue did 3M face with regard to
price gouging accusations, according to the case “3M and N95 Respirators for Americans”?
A) cross-cultural contradictions
B) competitive pressures on profits
C) conflicts of interest
D) personal gain and selfishness
46)
Which factor of moral intensity likely played the biggest role in 3M’s response to FEMA’s request, according to the case “3M and N95 Respirators for Americans”?
A) probability
B) social consensus
C) magnitude
D) proximity
SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.
47)
Briefly discuss the Version 1
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meaning of ethics. 48)
Discuss why businesses should be ethical.
49)
Explain the purpose of the Sarbanes–Oxley Act. What issues does the act address? Is this act still a potent government tool?
50)
Four reasons given in the textbook state why ethical problems occur in business. Identify the nature of each ethical
problem and the typical approach taken in response to the problem.
51)
How does a person’s spirituality influence his or her ethical behavior? How have organizations responded to the increased attention to spirituality and religion at work in their attempt to accommodate their employees?
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52)
Define and discuss the six stages of moral development. What is the ethics referent at each stage? What is the basis of ethics reasoning at each stage?
53)
What are the four methods of ethical reasoning? Discuss the limitations of each of the four methods.
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Answer Key
Test name: Business and Society: Stakeholders, Ethics, Public Policy 17e Lawrence TB 05
1) FALSE
2) TRUE
3) TRUE
4) FALSE
5) FALSE
6) TRUE
7) FALSE
8) FALSE
9) FALSE
10) FALSE
11) FALSE
12) TRUE
13) TRUE
14) TRUE
15) FALSE
16) B
17) C
18) B
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19) D
20) B
21) B
22) A
23) A
24) C
25) A
26) C
27) C
28) C
29) B
30) C
31) A
32) A
33) D
34) C
35) C
36) A
37) C
38) B
39) C
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40) D
41) A
42) C
43) B
44) D
45) B
46) C
47) Answers may vary. 48)Answers may vary.
49)Answers may vary.
50)Answers may vary.
51)Answers may vary.
52)Answers may vary.
53)Answers may vary.
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