Logical Fallacies
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Feb 20, 2024
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Logical Fallacies
Lauren Trull-Oxendine, Chelsea Hay, Tara Movaghar
Source for Fallacies and Definitions: Master List of Logical Fallacies (utep.edu)
1.
The A Priori Argument
-
It is a type of argument based on the meaning of terms. It describes things we can know independently of the facts. (Web definition)
-It is an argument or statement that we can develop, usually based on prior knowledge or context clues. (My definition)
Ex: Cameron is eating birthday cake after stating last week that his birthday is sometime this week. Therefore, it can be assumed that today is probably Cameron’s birthday.
-In the show Andy Griffith, Aunt B always makes meals for Andy and Opie. Andy had a long day at work and didn’t get to eat lunch, so when he came home and told Aunt B he hadn’t eaten she automatically stated that he must be hungry.
2.
Ableism
-Discrimination in favor of able-bodied people. (web)
-Favoring someone who is likely in the majority of most workers. (Young, not disabled, intelligent, etc.)
Ex: Linda and Heather are both competing for a position as a waitress in a high-class restaurant.
Heather is very smart, kind, and works well with others, but grew up in poverty and is still struggling to this day. Linda is very wealthy, yet does not work well with others and frustrates easily. Linda was given the job for no other reason than “they thought she was a better fit.” This
is very clearly ableism because of wealth vs. Poverty.
- https://youtu.be/3L46hRHLSqo
3.
Actions have Consequences
- If you decide to take action towards the things that you want to achieve in life, the consequence would be you not having the amount of spare time that
you might like to have.
-Much like Newton’s law, anything that you do will have a reaction or consequence. Ex: Throwing an egg on the ground will result in it breaking. The consequence is it breaking and you having to potentially clean it up.
- https://youtu.be/cGK1EoP6mcY
4.
The Ad Hominem Argument
-
5.
The Affective Fallacy
6.
Alphabet Soup
7.
Alternative Truth
8. Equivocation
1. name the logical fallacy
2. define the logical fallacy as found on the web
“
The fallacy of deliberately failing to define one's terms, or knowingly and deliberately using words in a different sense than the one the audience will understand.”
3. define the fallacy in your own terms with a basic example
Equivocation is deliberately leaving out certain details, using a word/phrase ambiguously, or twisting the meaning of a phrase so that its interpretation by an audience will be different from its “intended meaning.” A basic example may be a drunk driver telling an officer that he “only had a few beers.” While this may be true, in a sense, it leaves out the details of any other drink he may have had.
4. give a direct example of the use of the logical fallacy within a commercial, ad, TV show, article, etc.
In 2006, President George Bush said that “the United States does not torture.” Bush’s statement was true, but only based on his own definition of “torture,” which did not include waterboarding or mock execution.
9. Appeal to Heaven
1. name the logical fallacy
2. define the logical fallacy as found on the web
“
An ancient, extremely dangerous fallacy (a deluded argument from ethos) that of claiming to know the mind of God (or History, or a higher power), who has allegedly ordered or anointed, supports or approves of one's own country, standpoint or actions so no further justification is required and no serious challenge is possible.”
3. define the fallacy in your own terms with a basic example
This fallacy includes using the existence (and orders from) a higher power in order to irrefutably
justify certain actions or ideas. A basic example would be a killer justifying his murders because a higher power instructed him to do so.
4. give a direct example of the use of the logical fallacy within a commercial, ad, TV show, article, etc.
In 2005, George Bush claimed that God had told him to “end the tyranny in Iraq.”
10. Appeal to Nature
1. name the logical fallacy
2. define the logical fallacy as found on the web
“
The contemporary romantic fallacy of ethos (that of "Mother Nature") that if something is "natural" it has to be good, healthy and beneficial.”
3. define the fallacy in your own terms with a basic example
This fallacy indicates that, because something is not man-made, artificial, or manufactured, then it must be healthy/beneficial. It also implies that because something is artificial, it is harmful. A basic example would be a brand of grocery stores promoting their all natural “non-
GMO” produce
4. give a direct example of the use of the logical fallacy within a commercial, ad, TV show, article, etc.
Supermarket deli meats advertise themselves as being “natural” in order to attract customers convinced that natural ingredients equal a healthier choice in food.
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11. Appeal to Pity
1. name the logical fallacy
2. define the logical fallacy as found on the web
“
The fallacy of urging an audience to “root for the underdog” regardless of the issues at hand.” 3. define the fallacy in your own terms with a basic example
4. give a direct example of the use of the logical fallacy within a commercial, ad, TV show, article, etc.
12. Appeal to Tradition
1. name the logical fallacy
2. define the logical fallacy as found on the web
3. define the fallacy in your own terms with a basic example
4. give a direct example of the use of the logical fallacy within a commercial, ad, TV show, article, etc.
13. Appeasement
1. name the logical fallacy
2. define the logical fallacy as found on the web
3. define the fallacy in your own terms with a basic example
4. give a direct example of the use of the logical fallacy within a commercial, ad, TV show, article, etc.
14.
The Argument from Consequences
o
The major fallacy of logos, arguing that something cannot be true because if it were the consequences or outcome would be unacceptable.
o
The answer can't be correct because its would be bad if it were. o
https://www.logicallyfallacious.com/logicalfallacies/Appeal-to-Consequences 15.
The Argument from Ignorance
o
The fallacy that since we do not know (or can never know, or cannot prove) whether a claim is true or false, it must be false, or it must be true.
o
So, if it is not like a proven fact, it could be manipulated to be either be true or false o
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sIYAze4IAx4
16.
The Argument from Incredulity
o
The popular fallacy of doubting or rejecting a novel claim or argument out of hand simply because it appears superficially "incredible," "insane" or "crazy," or because it goes against one's own personal beliefs, prior experience, or ideology. o
The argument must be either true or false because it is difficult to believe and or against
your beliefs.
o
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=juFsA25b9EY
17.
The Argument from Inertia
o
The fallacy that it is necessary to continue a mistaken course of action regardless of pain
and sacrifice involved and even after discovering it is mistaken, because changing course
would mean admitting that one's decision (or one's leader, or one's country, or one's faith) was wrong, and all one's effort, expense, sacrifice and even bloodshed was for nothing, and that is unthinkable.
o
It means to keep your argument wrong even though you know it is the opposite because
you have already gotten that far and you must continue rather than let all the work mean nothing. o
http://believingscience.blogspot.com/2015/10/todays-logical-fallacy-isargument-
from.html
18. The Argument from Motives
o
The fallacy of declaring a standpoint or argument invalid solely because of the evil, corrupt or questionable motives of the one making the claim. o
Argument of motives means that the argument is invalid because of who posed the argument.
o
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F5CMW2XBH6I
19. Argumentum ad Baculum
o
The fallacy of "persuasion" or "proving one is right" by force, violence, brutality, terrorism, superior strength, raw military might, or threats of violence. o
If your argument is correcting if you threaten or use force to make others believe in your
argument o
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R1PyWAjogGE
20. Argumentum ad Mysteriam
o
A darkened chamber, incense, chanting or drumming, bowing, and kneeling, special robes or headgear, holy rituals and massed voices reciting sacred mysteries in an unknown tongue have a quasi-hypnotic effect and can often persuade more strongly than any logical argument.
o
Religious or mystic organizations are more believable and are more persuasive than a normal argument.
o
http://www.seekfind.net/Appeal_to_Mystery_Fallacy.html#.YVyzCWZue3I
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