Test 2 SOSC - Google Docs
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Centennial College *
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160
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Philosophy
Date
Feb 20, 2024
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4
Uploaded by dalyjr12
Critical thinking Critical thinking is a mode of thinking that can be applied to anything. Critical thinking can be applied to any subject, any issue, or any problem. This type of thinking enhances the quality of thinking done by the person who is thinking, by skillfully inspecting, evaluating and reconstructing it (Lecture 8). Critical thinking is beneficial because it enhances the thinker's creativity, and also enhances their problem solving ability. It can be self-directed, self-disciplined, self-monitored, and self corrected. However, critical thinking can create a bias, and this bias chooses reason and logic over feeling and meaning. This relates to the theme of western social science, because the thinker chooses only once specific point of view to think from. Animacy Animacy is a concept used by indigenous peoples. Something is considered "animate" if it has the ability and freedom to act and interact with others. Animacy is defined as something having power (Reddekop 2014). For example, forks and knives are considered "inanimate," whereas spoons are considered "animate" since they hold and give shape to the "inanimate" liquid they contain. Another example of this are tools like hunting bows and canoe paddles. They are considered "animate" in the sense that they increase the strength of a human arm by being used in conjunction with it. This is related to the course theme of non western social science, as non western social science is a view on indigenous cultures. This relates back to indigenous cultures because animacy is an indigenous concept.
Post modernity Post modernity is a term used to describe a period of time following modernity. Why is the call for ‘defamiliarization’ significant in indigenous thought and for studying social science in general? The world we live in today is a world dominated by a specific worldview. The most dominant worldview is modern culture, or the ‘Western’ standpoint. This worldview does not contain any regard for nature, as it causes environmental issues such as extinction and climate change. Defamiliarization is the idea of making what’s considered familiar, strange. By doing this, you learn to see the world from a different perspective and reflect back on what’s considered familiar with that different perspective (Lecture 11). The call for defamiliarization is significant in indigenous thought because the indigenous worldview is very different compared to the modern view. The indigenous standpoint is one where they form relations to nature, and think in relational ways. Having multiple worldviews presents an issue, because there will be a disagreement in moments of conflict. When worldviews clash, we must seek points of analogy between the ontologies allowing for there to be a cross-cultural engagement. Therefore, to address the issue of how we can defamiliarize prevalent contemporary ways of relating to nature, we should consider thinking alongside more relational ontologies.
In what important ways does 'Eastern modernization' of social sciences differ from 'Westernization'? Instead of employing general theories from the West, the Eastern modernization of the social sciences is mostly concerned with comprehending the distinctive setting of the East. It highlights the significance of the cultural, philosophical, and historical distinctions between the East and the West and works to create theories and methodologies that are more pertinent to the East. Additionally, it highlights the significance of indigenous knowledge and works to include it in the larger area of social science. The Westernization of social sciences, in contrast, favors universal theories and methods that are frequently created in the West before being used in different contexts. Why is the social science oligopoly considered to be an impediment? Oligopoly is the idea that there is a small group of people at the very top of the pyramid. This means that this small group of people has a large amount of power. The social science oligopoly is considered to be an impediment due to the fact that with the power that the small group possesses, they have control over the knowledge that is distributed. Limiting the access to knowledge leaves a dependence on the oligopoly, allowing them to control the media of ideas, the funding of research, and the technology of education (Lecture 10). The oligopoly is also an impediment because it excluded the
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non western perspective of the concept of globalization. Inherently, the social science oligopoly prevents the social sciences from being restructured to take non western perspectives into account, leading to the lack of universalism.