Study Guide for Final

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○ Study Guide for Final Red=consolidated for quick study Beyond the specifics below, there will also be questions involving the 1952 McCarran-Walter Act, the 1964 Civil Rights Act, the Moynihan Report, and the concept of "blaming the victim." Why did William Ryan accuse Daniel Patrick Moynihan of blaming the victim in the Moynihan Report? The 1952 McCarran- Walter Act The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 (The McCarran-Walter Act) upheld the national origins quota system established by the Immigration Act of 1924, reinforcing this controversial system of immigrant selection. Eliminated all previous immigration Exclusion Acts. Quota was 100 per year. Ended the Asian Exclusion from immigrating to the United States and began filtering applicants with preferences for professionals, family reunification(those w/ family already in the US) and political refugees (an f.u to the Soviet Union). The act created symbolic opportunities for Asian immigration and repealed the Asian ExclusIon Act and eliminated laws preventing Asians from becoming naturalized American citizens. Asians were more likely than other groups to take advantage of the skill set requirement. The past Eliminated the designation “Aliens ineligible to citizenship.” The 1964 Civil Rights Act Civil rights and US labor law legislation in the United States that outlawed and ended discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. It ended unequal application of voter registration requirements and racial segregation in schools, at the workplace and by facilities that served the general public, establishments.“public accommodations” Jobs College Public establishments The Moynihan Report A 1965 report on black poverty in the United States written by Daniel Patrick Moynihan believed African Americans were i poverty because of their actions as opposed to systematic racism. - The Black Family is poor because they are Black. “culture of poverty ”; Psych William Ryan, coined the term“Blaming the Victim” Argued that the report wa attacking the black people stigmatizing black men, and marginalizing black women. 1943 Magnuson Act - It allowed Chinese immigration for the first time since the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, and permitted some Chinese immigrants already residing in the country to become naturalized citizens .

○ American Citizens for Justice (ACJ.) - Civil right group educating the public about Asian- American discrimination (***Vincent Chin 3rd case) ___________________________________________________________________ On the concept of "racism": How can we define "racism"? What is being implied by the concept itself? How does this make overcoming racism a difficult task? Racism is when you act upon your belief That people can be divided. That “instincts”or an “essence” that they do not share with members of other groups. Racism can be defined as treating a racial group of individuals in a manner that they do not deserve to be treated or is unjustifiable. Acting on ideas of race for the purpose of oppressing others . Cognitive dissonance : When your thoughts don't align with your actions . Ex. Donald Trump: “I don’t have a racist bone in my body.” The concept of racism itself implies the normalization of these measures in order to prevent the integration of non-white races into better opportunities or treatment in society and under the law. Overcoming racism becomes a difficult task because it is very hard to convince an individual of their wrongdoings if they are engaged in cognitive dissonance. To them, these actions are the only correct solution to protect their livelihoods, properties, and peace. Individuals engaged in racist antics have been conditioned to believe that this is correct and normal therefore stating that this ideology is wrong would be contradictory to their previous actions and beliefs What is "material racial inequality"? How does this inequality make overcoming racism a difficult task? Material racial inequality relates to opportunities that have benefited groups such as white individuals with better educations, property, healthcare, and wealth due to disproportionate advances given in the past. For many non-white individuals that have been subjected to racialized laws such as The Alien Land Law that denied aliens ineligible to citizenship from buying land it hurt their prospects to financially succeed by attaining business and property. In the present, the simple fact of owning property

○ already promotes wealth for a family. Without ample access to that in the past, in the present families struggle to find means to afford a property with limited funds as the cost of living continues to rise. This inequality makes overcoming racism a difficult task because there is still no real equality of opportunity. Yes, individuals can attend colleges, get better jobs, and purchase homes in better neighborhoods but realistically their past generations have not accumulated wealth to give a boost to the future generations leading to a vicious cycle of poverty, poor health, and housing instability. With this dynamic, we still see superior and inferior relationships between white individuals and non-white individuals. ____________________________________________________________ Haney Lopez chapter 1 What is the "transparency phenomenon," and how does it relate to the prerequisite cases? (see especially pages 16-19) Transparency phenomenon is the tendency for whites not to think about whiteness, or about norms, behaviors, experiences, or perspectives that are white-specific. This also had afflicted judges deciding on prerequisites cases . Despite the apparent simplicity of the issue before them, the courts hearing prerequisite cases experienced great difficulty defining who was white, often turning for succor to such disparate materials as amici briefs, encyclopedias and anthropological texts. The courts were slow to develop a defensible definition of whiteness, instead frequently reaching contradictory results. How white people do not see themselves in racial terms is so hard for the judges, because they never thought about it. Context of how whites affect. ● This was the tendency for those in dominant categories to not acknowledge their race or that part of their identity. Being white was just their norm. Because of this it would make it difficult to determine who was “white” because they never really put thought into it. _____________________________________________________________ Haney Lopez chapter 3 Questions 1 and 2: What does Haney Lopez have to say regarding the two questions he poses at the outset of this chapter? During the prerequisite cases this showed the value of being classified as a White citizenin the US? 1. "First, what explains the nearly ninety-year lag between the legislative imposition of the 'white person' prerequisite in 1790 and its first legal test in 1878?"

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○ The nearly 90 year lag between the legislative partly reflect the relative insignificance of federal as opposed to state citizenship was more important than federal citizenship for securing basic rights and privileges. Another reason: because the applicants(immigrants) involved in these cases weren't here (no immigrants from Japan, China, Syria, India, etc.) now that there's many, have to deal with it more. 2. "Second, why did all but one of the applicants petition for citizenship on the basis of a White identity, when, after 1870, naturalization was also available to Blacks?" Blacks were considered Africans and were stigmatized; immigrants learned about “Whiteness” being valued. - The legal citizenship for Whites were well established and the White identity was fought for in comparison to Black identity and this is simply because Whites were treated better. 3. Discuss the point of Haney Lopez's statement on page 39: "Our response betrays that we are the immediate and largely unquestioning inheritors of the pronouncement that Chinese are not White." (For the context of this question, you'll want to start reading at the top of page 38; the focus is on the Ah Yup case of 1878.) ● Ah Yup1878 : first prerequisite case ● The Justice did not have anything to go based on from previous cases ● It was obvious to us they were not white but it wasn't obvious to them that they were white ● Our response - when we responde like that we are betraying something “ thank goodness they are not like us” ● Unquestioning inheritors- ideas came from the past, we have inherited those ideas ● We have accepted where these people fall and we do not question based on laws and policies (no if race is a social construction then that's not it) ● Obama: part white and black, but no one will say they are white? Why because we inherited those ideas and white suppremisses establishment ● We're taking an idea “Chinese are not white people '' and throwing back to a historical moment where that wasn't obvious. 4. What is the relationship between District Judge Cushman's opinion and the anti-Chinese rationales in People v. Hall and why Asian Americans remained

○ "aliens ineligible for citizenship" after 1870? (see the excerpt from Terrace v. Thompson at the bottom of page 39.) (Pg. 39) It is obvious that the objection on the part of Congress is not due to color, as color, but only to color as an evidence of a type of civilization which it characterizes.. The yellow or bronze racial color is the hallmark of Oriental despotisms. It was deemed that the subjects of these despotisms, with their fixed and ingrained pride in the type of their civilization, which works for its welfare by subordinating the individual to the personal authority of the sovereign, as the embodiment of the state, were not fitted and suited to make for the success of a republican form of Government. Hence they were denied citizenship. ● Why are they being denied citizenship? Because they cannot confirm to being a republican from the government ● We cannot allow them because they have their own fixed and ingrained pride in the type of citizenship ● Intentionally or not the judge's concept defined “what is race?” ● Race has nothing to do with what you look like ● His color is evidence Terrace v Thompson is an early case that challenged alien land laws. Same issue is being referenced though - The relationship between the arguments is that they both touch on this idea of Asian Americans forever and always will be attached to their home country. They will never know what it's like to be an American because its not in their blood. *fixed and ingrained pride. - it is RACIAL. - something in their blood that blocks them from understanding the American form of government. - never adapt to our government and being an American. - Concept of race: APPEARANCE DEFINES CHARACTER. What the color of your skin says about you. EVIDENCE! ( we aren't discriminating you bc of color we discriminating you bc your color communicates who you are as a person ( instincts internal ) it just so happens that your physical appearance correlates with who you are as a person. ____________________________________________________________ Haney Lopez chapter 4

○ 1. Briefly discuss the ruling in Ozawa v. United States . How, specifically, did Takao Ozawa argue that he was a "white" person? In rejecting his application, how did the Supreme Court argue that he was not a white person? Ozawa Vs United States “Free white persons” refers to race rather than to color light or dark skin doesn’t classify white or Caucasian. Court ruled on scientific evidence for Ozawa light skin but was Mongolian. The Ruling: Supreme Court struck down the case for skin color because it did not correlate with race based on scientific evidence Ozawa Argument His skin was whiter than average Caucasians. Court argument: They didn’t see what Ozawa saw. The courts denied him since they couldn’t look past his race which was Asain. 2. How are Najour and Ozawa related in the conversation regarding race and skin color? How does this conversation become evidence of its own that race may very well be a "social construction"? (see especially Haney Lopez pages 58-60 ) Najour : a relatively dark skinned immigrant from Syria was classified as white on the basis of scientific evidence/ Caucasian. → The courts denied him because his skin was dark and since he didn’t have white skin they denied him even though he was classified as white. Syria immigrant who was classified white through scientific evidence Ozawa: Japanese American that assimilated to U.S culture and was as white as the white people of the courts but was still not seen as white → The courts denied him because they couldn’t look past him being Asain and that even though he had white skin he didn’t belong. These two cases relate because it’s only a year apart from each other and the courts told Ozawa they don’t look at skin tone but that’s what they are clearly looking at in the Najour case which shows that the courts are hypocritical. Since they went back and forth in both cases this is what shows that race is a social construction.

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○ 3. Briefly discuss the impact of Ozawa v. United States and United States v. Thind . How were the Japanese- and Asian Indian American communities directly affected by the rulings in these cases? The case of Ozawa v. United States, Takao Ozawa argued that he should be a naturalized citizen of the United States. Takao Ozawa was born in Japan but migrated to the United States when he was around 19 years old and studied at a University of California. He later moved to Hawaii and applied to become a naturalized citizen. During his hearing, he argued that he was caucasian by stating that he avoided going to Japanese churches and Japanese schools, and by only speaking English to his kids which he thought were all a part of American culture, thinking he met the caucasian prerequisite. He also argued that his skin that was not tanned from the sun was white, but the Supreme Court ruled that scientifically, he was not considered caucasian thus he was denied citizenship. So with the use of scientific evidence, he was denied naturalization, even though he had the common knowledge which is the reason why I believe he should have been naturalized since he already knew so much about American culture and avoided going to places of his original culture. impact Ozawa v. United States United States v. Thind Ozawa’s case made Thind inelgible even though he's still Asian. Together, these cases illustrate how the social constructs of race and whiteness were manipulated to deny naturalization rights to Asian immigrants. Ozawa: used Scientific Evidence Thind: used Common Knowledge - Racially ineligible for naturalization citizenship in the U.S. used common knowledge. -The Supreme Court abandoned scientific explanations of race in favor of those rooted in common knowledge when science failed to reinforce popular beliefs about racial differences How were the Japanese- and Asian Indian American communities directly affected by the rulings in these cases? Japanese could still not naturalize or own property in the country perpetuating poverty among the families. The indian community lost it’s right to citizenship meaning they now had to abide to Alien Land Laws and lost everything

○ 4. As Haney Lopez discusses on pages 65-66, what are the implications of the Court's rejection of scientific evidence in Thind ? Briefly discuss what Haney Lopez means in the last sentence of page 66: "These holdings evince that the Court was committed to socially supposed races and racial hierarchies, not to a search for subtler truths." - the court, rejecting scientific evidence, implied that race was not natural. - subtler truth being that race was NOT natural/real. They hung on to the concept of race due to their need to feel like good ppl & resolve their cognitive dissonance. - it was a way to enforce their ideas while also ignoring the truth. If they didn't all their rulings prior to this realization would be unfair making them bad ppl. _______________________________________________________________ Haney Lopez chapter 5, pages 91-93 1. What is "reification"? How is race a prime example of an idea that has been "reified"? Reification can be defined as the process by which social relations are perceived to be inherited attributes of the individuals associated with them or attributes of products they are trading in. Over years, the idea of biological human races has been deeply ingrained, unquestioned and regarded as the truth 2. How did the Alien Land Laws create a situation where Armenian Americans were able to prosper while Japanese Americans struggled? Alien land laws created a situation where Armenian American prospered, while Japanese Americans struggled because Armenians were pronounced legally white, which allowed them to hold title to land. Japanese Americans were classified as non- white so they could not hold land. This ensured a lack of economic opportunities and consequently poverty. 3. From page 92: What does it mean to say that race is "a dominant feature of our social geography"? What does it mean to say that society views the relative poverty and prosperity of different racial groups "as the results of innate racial character, rather than as predictable consequences of social and specifically legal discrimination"? Social Geography = references material inequality in general. - ex. who is the dentist, who is the one cleaning up after them

○ - ex. who is the owner of the house, who is the gardener. We see racial inequality everywhere. - The law (selective immigration policy, 1965 immigration act 'preference to professionals') is pushed into the background which only leaves this idea that it's in their blood (they are born with it). BOX 2 Often society interprets racial differences as innate racial character. - when we bring the law back into it we can understand the differences of poverty and prosperity between racial groups. 4. What does Haney Lopez mean in his statement on page 93?: "Race is not an immanent phenomenon located only in our heads, but an injurious material reality that constantly validates the common knowledge of race." Lopez Race is not an immanent phenomenon located only in our heads- Race is a social construction that is real. It is a type of social reality in which it is a social construction that has been reified. • injurious material reality- There is a material legacy. Race has started off as an idea that was reinforced by law, which led to material legacy that further reinforced the idea of race. This is said to be injurious because this is harmful. • constantly validates the common knowledge of race- Material reality reinforces common knowledge of race and makes it real. ___________________________________________________________ From Gong Lum v. Rice : 1. Discuss the socio historical context of this case. What was the larger racial atmosphere of that time, and what was the starting point of this case? During this time there was the height of the KKK which had posed a major threat toward Chinese and African Americans as well as other minorities. - there was also the 1924 immigration act which limited the number of immigrants to come to America. - the major starting point of this case was the fact that Martha Lum got kicked out of her school on the first day of attending because she was not white. (attending a white school) - during this time there were very few asian americans in the states. - this was also during the time where segregation was still prominent in society.

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○ 2. What legal argument did Earl Brewer make in defending the Lum family? How was Plessy v. Ferguson involved? Earl Brewer argued that forcing the girls to attend an inferior school would violate their fourteenth amendment. Since they were not black they should be allowed to attend the white school. The Plessy v. Ferguson was involved because of the decision in Lum v. Rice strengthened the separate but equal doctrine in public education. Making it so separate schools for children of different races. 3. How did the Supreme Court rule in Gong Lum v. Rice ? What impact did this case have on segregation in schools? The supreme court ruled that Chinese did not classify as white people & they would have to attend colored school. - Further solidifies the idea of where Asians fall - Schools can now determine the race of their students. Gong Lum v. Rice, case in which the U.S. Supreme Court on November 21, 1927, ruled (9-0) that a Mississippi school board had not violated the Fourteenth Amendment's equal protection clause when it classified a student of Chinese descent as "colored" and barred her from attending a white high school. 4. What impact did this case have on the Lum family? After the ruling, Gong Lum and his family moved to Kansas so his children could attend white school and they did. At this point they didn't have any of the connections that they used to have. They lost access to power structure, lost their banker, were not welcome to church, wealthy at first then into poverty quickly. (they had moved to other side of color line-first white then as colored) ___________________________________________________________ From Korematsu v. United States : 1. How did Justice Hugo Black argue for the constitutionality of Japanese internment? What allowed him to argue that treating Japanese Americans differently on the basis of race was not an instance of racial "antagonism" or "prejudice"? have to look at these cases with rigid scrutiny. In this case because of the war going on, it was a military necessity. This would never happen if there wasn't a good reason for the restriction of rights. (in this case WAR) - That being said, because U.S was at war with Japan at the time they deemed it necessary to subject them to internment camps, stating that it wasn't because of racial prejudice or racial antagonism but for the safety of the US

○ 2. Be ready to discuss the basis of the three dissents from Justices Owen Roberts, Frank Murphy, and Robert Jackson. How did Frank Murphy demonstrate an understanding of the concept of "race" in his opposition to internment? What did Robert Jackson mean by his metaphor of the "loaded weapon," and why did he draw upon the earlier ruling in Hirabayashi v. United States ? Justice Owen Roberts: due process because the "assembly centers" were actually prisons for Japanese Americans. Justice Frank Murphy: one Japanese person = every Japanese person Justice Robert Jackson: Talked about not going beyond curfew in terms of restricting the rights of Japanese Americans. We have expanded it in korematsu to something more harsh (japanese internment), loaded weapons bc the court can go back on its word to something worse in the future. ALSO the military was given too much power. _______________________________________________________________ Regarding the model minority myth: 1. Be ready to discuss the sociopolitical context for the popularization of the model minority myth in the post-World War II era and the civil rights movement. Why did the model minority myth become prominent at the specific moment of 1966? The model minority myth became prominent in 1966 as a way to suppress movements like black power. The myth was used as an example of the ability for minorities like Asians to improve their life by their own hard work. Basically telling the other minority if they could do it why can't you. 2. How, specifically, can we define the "model minority myth"? What is being implied by racializing Asian Americans as a "model" minority? The model minority myth is the belief that the success of Asian American is something innate inherent traits that value education. It’s being implied that Asian Americans are successful despite being a minority, so the other minority should be able to succeed as well if they don't, that's on them. They are a “model” to other minorities. 3. What is "equality of opportunity"? What is "equality of result"? Why did it become clear, as the civil rights acts were being passed, that equality of opportunity was not going to lead to equality of result? How does this connect to the points made in Storm at Valley State ? equality of opportunity = equal opportunity for EVERYONE, no discriminating race anymore. - equality of result = everything should be roughly of equal proportion. Depending on the population, the percent of racial groups should reflect the population.

○ EX. If there are 80% whites and 20% blacks in the population, that means that there should be 80% whites and 20% blacks in a cooperate job office. - We see that equality of opportunity doesn't lead to equality of result not only because of racism but because of the lack of opportunities of the past reflecting opportunities of the future. - Lack of qualifications left a material legacy. (educations, qualifications, experience) 4. Why is the model minority myth a myth today? How is the 1965 Immigration Act involved? Because one of the filters the 1965 Immigration Act had was a preference for professionals, this allowed immigrants with a high level of education to be more likely to immigrate to the U.S.. Because these immigrants have a high level of education, this makes it easier for their children to get a high level of education as well. This adds fuel to the model minority myth as it seems like these immigrants are just better naturally, but in truth it's their access to better opportunity that make it easy to give more opportunity to their children. Regarding the killing of Vincent Chin: Be ready to discuss the socio historical context, as well as what happened during the three trials. What happened to Ronald Ebens after the third trial? Chin was a 27-year-old Chinese American who was celebrating his bachelor’s party in Detroit. On the night of his murder, he was visiting the Fancy Pants strip club with his friends. Ronald Ebens and his stepson Michael Nitz, two white auto workers, began to harass Vincent with racial insults and a fight broke out. On June 19, 1982, Vincent Chin was beaten with a baseball bat. Vincent died four days later, on June 23, 1982. On March 19, 1983, Ronald Ebens and Micheal Nitz plead guilty to the killing of Vincent Chin. Judge Kaufman stated, “These aren't’ the kind of men you send to jail. You fit the punishment to the criminal, not the crime.” Neither man spent a single day in jail for beating Vincent Chin to death. Ebens was found guilty and sentenced to 25 years but the conviction was overturned on an appeal. ____________________________________________________________________ Extra Credit: Ethnic Niche: Particular businesses that are disproportionately owned by ethnic minorities

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○ Keep in mind for comparison : that The 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act was almost completely exclusionary(found ways around it but it was meant to cut 99% legally)This not the case for Japan even though we see that immigration reception mostly negative and lots of racism like chinese, Japanese become target of racism–this before alien land laws bc the first law pass until 1913..Anyways japan in different situation so we see immigration reception and further exclusion…now looking at ● 1900s Decade– you start seeing campaigns to completely exclude Japanese just like the chinese. Japan and US broker a deal–1907-1908 Gentlemen Agreement ● This agreement was an agreement it was never voted on by Congress ● President says not going to segregate japan children will do this for you and Japan agrees to no longer issue immigrant visas to male laborers. ● You don't bug us here and we wot bug you there ● Women can still immigrant here Anti-miscegenation laws: (interracial marriage is illegal) At this time, most jap here were male 90% many as farmers don't intend to leave, they run into antimiscegenation laws and they want to get married have kids through their options are limited since cant marry white Picture Brides: a practice in the early twentieth century by immigrant workers who married women on the recommendation of a matchmaker who exchanged photographs between the prospective bride and groom. Popularized by japanese american men for match making services to marry due to the harsh anti-interracial marriage laws and because japanese women were still allowed to immigrate to the U.S. during this time. Internationally: 1910 Japan annexed Korea Us says not going to intervene/involve ourselves in korea if you(Japan) agree not to involve themselves with the Us and philippines (this time us had colonized philippines and japan was interested) but us saying to japan we are not going to intervene in the whole issue with korea so long as you don't intervene with what we doing in the philippines Prior to 1965 not many Korean Americans, very low. Why? Japan says we don't want Koreans to immigrate here because many Koreans are joining..Korean National Association: An association of Koreans abroad attempting to bring attention to Japan's colonization of korea. (an organization trying to bring attention to what japan was doing, japan colonized try to erase korea history and make children learn japan eliminated a korean culture)

○ first alien land laws passed in 1913: “aliens ineligible to citizenship” cannot own land , It's Japanese American who was the US Target ● Loophole : put land under children name The 1920 alien land law absolutely devastated Japanese-Americans: The amount of acreage the Japanese Americans owned dropped about half ways. ● Cant put land under children name or other ppl We see the effects of laws: but what makes racism difficult to overcome? ● One reason is justification , ● Why does racism stick around: The second reason is because racism has worked out really well for some white people and a very small number of people of color. ○ When it says it worked out it means: The material sense , He's talking about wealth In terms of having wealth not being in poverty 1952 McCarran-walter act: eli minates the designation “aliens ineligible to citizenship” ○ Now, and immigrant from any group can naturalize (helped mostly japan american) ( now alien ineligible category doesn't exist) Vaisho Das Bagai : committed suicide due to his denaturalization in 1928 and left a note Ozawa, Court says: we can't look past your race, you done everything you can to assimilate but you still part of another group also the court in ozawa states a simple fact: Skin color does not correlate well with racial identity. i. The court in Ozawa states a simple fact: Skin color does not correlate well with racial identity. LaMelo Ball: basketball player C was a black man whiter than a white man NAACP main lawyer: is Thurgood Marshall —---n3 1973 *San Antonio v. Rodriguez*: The court constitutionalized funding inequalities between public schools. ● This is what we continue to see today, this means that “it's okay that some schools are funded more than others,resources, class size, book, programs quality… November 4th: man kicked boy in the behind in CSUN caused uproar

○ CSUN : San Fernando Valley State College Jade Snow White: Danny Glover: actor, activist and also was an EOP student Lester Maddox: owner of BBQ restaurant Pick Rick in Atlanta, Georgia Charles Cophman: was the judge who gave the verdict in the first trial of Robert Ebens frank murphy: was the first one to use "racism" term San Antonio v. Rodriguez (1973): Education Issue- the court constitutionalized funding inequalities between public schools Executive Order 9066: FDR signed on 02/19/1942- gave the military authority too much power ● *John DeWitt Civilian Exclusion Order #34: People had 1-2 weeks to get their things to move to the relocation camps Munson Report & Ringle Report: report that came out before Pearl Harbor: are Japanese Americans a threat. And both reports made it clear that they were not a threat. These reports were suppressed. American Citizens for Justice (ACJ.): The American Citizens for Justice (ACJ) is a non-profit organization founded in 1983 as an Asian Pacific American (APA) civil rights advocacy organization to fight for justice in the aftermath of the baseball bat beating death of Vincent Chin and the ensuing state criminal case and federal Helen Zia: is a Chinese American journalist and activist for Asian American and LGBTQ rights. After Vincent Chin's murder, Zia helped found American Citizens for Justice, which successfully lobbied for a federal trial. She is considered a key figure in the Asian American movement. Sheldon Leonard: Student injured in eye at the protests on CSUN campus Anti-cannon (Hall of shame): A legal text that is now viewed as wrongly reasoned or decided

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○ Noel Ignatiere: “How the Irish became white” Dorothy Roberts: Fatal intervention book Edward Blum: Lies that my teacher told me Dorothy Roberts: “Fatal Invention”, race is a failed invention John Dewitt: was a 4-star general officer in the United States Army, best known for leading the internment of Japanese-Americans during World War II. Proposed to voluntary evacuate Japanese from limited areas, enforced and author of EO 9066. Emmet Till : African american boy who was abducted, tortured, and lynched in Missisipy in 1955 for being accused of of offending a white woman. Jose Luis Vargas: appointed director of EOP 1943 Magnuson Act: also known as the Chinese Exclusion Repeal Act of 1943, allows Chinese immigration for the first time since 1882 by lifting restrictions. Congress passed and President Roosevelt signed the act as a gesture of thanks to US wartime ally China. Joe DiMaggio: Famous Baseball player, creator of a facility with the idea that no child should be turned away because of economical status. permitted some Chinese immigrants already residing in the country to become naturalized citizens. Vaisho Das Bagai: committed suicide due to his denaturalization in 1928. Peter Irons: law professor from the 1980s who got involved with JACL in the 70’s after Japanese internees experience PTSD. Bring attention towards the negative effects of internment. Iron studies these events and comes in contact with concealed reports to get Korematsu case vacated JACL: After the war, the JACL became active in turning back discriminatory legislation through the courts, lobbied for legislation that would allow greater rights for Japanese immigrants and subsequent generations of American citizens of various ethnic and racial backgrounds, and was a key player in the redress movement.

○ Coram Nobis - a legal order allowing a court to correct its original judgment upon discovery of a fundamental error that did not appear in the records of the original judgment's proceedings and that would have prevented the judgment from being pronounced. These reports were suppressed because they stated that Japanese Americans were not a threat to the U.S. 1. Ringle Report: Kenneth Ringle (Office of Naval Intelligence officer) wrote the first report on the question following the bombing of Pearl Harbor, Ringle estimates the total number of Japanese in the US (both aliens and citizens). 2. Munson Report: Ja panese internment camps. In October and November of 1941, Special Representative of the State Department Curtis B. Munson, under Roosevelt's orders, carried out an intelligence gathering investigation on the loyalty of Japanese Americans. His report concluded that Japanese Americans are loyal and would pose little threat. 3. Peter Irons/1980: (Law professor who got involved) JACL (Japanese American Citizens League) had PTSD and was the one who found the suppressed reports in the korematsu case. Korematsu planned to stay behind. He had plastic surgery on his eyes to alter his appearance; changed his name to Clyde Sarah; and claimed that he was of Spanish and Hawaiian descent. [He brought the Coram Nobis cases. In 1981] Equality of opportunity: l egal equality, cannot use race to discriminate individuals from getting jobs, dining etc .. Equality of result: everyone is roughly equal proportions based on population proportions. (Ex. 80% Black 20% white in city, job would reflect 80% white 20% Black for equality)

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