OBGYN case discussion #2

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Apr 3, 2024

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Aan Sharma Windsor University School of Medicine Obstetrics and Gynecology Case Report #2 December 30, 2023 Vaginal Candidiasis
Complexity of a Common Fungal Infection Definition: Vaginal candidiasis, often known as a yeast infection, is a common vaginal fungal infection. It is caused by an overgrowth of Candida species, mostly Candida albicans, which are normally present in the vaginal microbiome. Candidiasis, a multidimensional fungal infections, requires an extensive knowledge of the disease's diverse pathology (Mayer et al., 2013). The vaginal area and mucous membranes are the focal site of the infection, resulting in a variety of symptoms such as burning and itching, as well as the typical appearance of an abnormal discharge. Etiology: Candida species overgrowth is the main cause of vaginal candidiasis. Several factors can lead to this overgrowth, including hormonal changes, a compromised immune system, uncontrolled diabetes, antibiotic consumption, and sexual activity. These conditions alter the vaginal microbiota balance and generate an environment favorable to Candida growth (Cherney, 2023). Epidemiology: Vaginal candidiasis is a prevalent condition among women of reproductive age. It is estimated that approximately 75% of women will experience at least one episode of vaginal candidiasis during their lifetime (CDC, 2021). Recurrent episodes, defined as four or more episodes within a year, can occur in about 5-8% of women (Sobel, 2017). While candidiasis can affect women of all ages, it is more commonly seen in women of childbearing age. Pathophysiology: A vaginal microbiota imbalance is involved in the pathogenesis of vaginal candidiasis. Normally, the vaginal flora is a delicate mix of helpful bacteria and yeasts, including Candida species. However, a variety of circumstances may disturb this delicate equilibrium, resulting in Candida overgrowth. Disruptions may include the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics,
which can kill beneficial microorganisms while allowing Candida for growth. Candidasis can also arise as a result of hormonal changes, such as those brought on by pregnancy or the use of oral contraceptives. The pH of the vagina is typically between 3.8 and 4.2 during the postmenarchal and premenopausal stages. Pathogenic organism growth is often limited at this pH. A disruption of the typical pH in the vagina can change the vaginal flora and promote the growth of infections (Lin et al., 2021). Symptoms: The most frequent sign of vaginal candidiasis is atypical vaginal discharge, which is often white, clumpy, and has a cottage cheese-like appearance. Itching and discomfort in the vaginal region can frequently occur along with the discharge. Additionally, some women may have pain, edema, and inflammation in the vulvar areas. However, it is crucial to consider that not all women with candidiasis will develop symptoms, and some cases may be asymptomatic. Management: Several strategies are used to treat vaginal candidiasis, such as antifungal medications, lifestyle changes, and preventative measures. The infection may be treated with prescriptions for antifungal medications like fluconazole (Sobel, 2005). These drugs, which come in oral or topical forms, work by preventing Candida from forming. Wearing loose-fitting clothes and staying away from irritants like fragrant soaps or douches will help reduce symptoms and prevent recurrence. Furthermore, promoting vaginal health and lowering the risk of infection may be achieved by maintaining proper hygiene habits, which include routine cleaning of the genital area. Prognosis: When vaginal candidiasis is diagnosed promptly and treated appropriately, the prognosis is usually favourable. The majority of instances with simple candidiasis react favorably to antifungal medicines, and symptoms usually improve within a few days. Recurrent
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