Ch.21 Mastering
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Apr 3, 2024
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Chapter 21 Mastering
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Chapter 21 Mastering
Due: 11:55pm on Saturday, October 14, 2023
To understand how points are awarded, read the Grading Policy for this assignment.
Chapter Test - Chapter 21 Question 1
Part A
What structural component gives arteries the ability to passively adapt to changes in blood pressures that accompany the heartbeat?
ANSWER:
Correct
Chapter Test - Chapter 21 Question 2
Part A
The layer of the blood vessel wall that is dominated by smooth muscle cells is called the __________.
ANSWER:
Correct
Chapter 21 Reading Quiz Question 1
Part A
The only vessels whose walls are thin enough to exchange materials with the surrounding cells are __________.
ANSWER:
Correct
Chapter 21 Clinical Note Questions 1 and 2: Arteriosclerosis
adventitia
elastic fibers
vasa vasorum
smooth muscle
tunica interna
tunica media
tunica adventitia
tunica intima
capillaries
arterioles
arteries
veins
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Arteriosclerosis
Arteriosclerosis (ar-tēr-ē-ō-skler-Ō-sis; arterio
, "artery" + sklerosis
, "hardness") is a thickening and toughening of arterial walls. Complications related to arteriosclerosis account for about half of
all deaths in the United States. For example, arteriosclerosis of coronary vessels is responsible for coronary artery disease (CAD)
, and arteriosclerosis of arteries supplying the brain can lead to
strokes, or cerebrovascular accidents (CVAs).
Arteriosclerosis takes two major forms: Atherosclerosis (ath-er-ō-skler-Ō-sis; athero
, "fatty degeneration") is the formation of lipid deposits
(plaque) in the tunica media associated with damage to the endothelial lining . It is the most common form of arteriosclerosis. Focal calcification
is the deposition of calcium salts following the
gradual degeneration of smooth muscle in the tunica media. Some focal calcification is a part of the aging process. It may also develop in association with atherosclerosis. A normal coronary
artery is shown in Figure a, and a typical lesion, called a plaque
(PLAK), is shown in Figures b and c. Elderly people--especially elderly men--are most likely to develop atherosclerotic plaques.
Estrogen may slow plaque formation. After menopause, when estrogen production decreases, the risks of CAD, myocardial infarctions (heart attacks), and CVAs in women increase markedly. In
addition to advanced age and male sex, other important risk factors for atherosclerosis include high blood cholesterol level, high blood pressure, and cigarette smoking. Diabetes mellitus,
obesity, and stress can promote the development of atherosclerosis in both men and women. Evidence also indicates that at least some forms of atherosclerosis may be linked to chronic
infection with Chlamydia pneumoniae
, a bacterium responsible for several types of respiratory infections, including some forms of pneumonia. Potential treatments for atherosclerotic plaques
include catheterization with balloon angioplasty and stenting, and bypass surgery. In the many cases where changes in diet do not lower circulating cholesterol levels sufficiently, drug therapies
can bring them under control. Without question, the best approach to atherosclerosis is to avoid it by eliminating or reducing associated risk factors. Suggestions include (1) reducing your intake
of dietary cholesterol, saturated fats, and trans fatty acids by restricting consumption of fatty meats, egg yolks, and cream; (2) not smoking; (3) checking your blood pressure and taking steps to
lower it if necessary; (4) having your blood cholesterol level checked annually; (5) controlling your weight; and (6) exercising regularly.
Part A
Excess plasma lipids in the form of cholesterol contribute to the formation of atherosclerotic plaques within blood vessel walls. Which of the following is NOT a likely consequence of such
plaques?
ANSWER:
Correct
Part B
Atherosclerotic plaques in their early stages can be reduced through lifestyle changes. Which of the following lifestyle changes would NOT be effective?
ANSWER:
Correct
Art-based Question: Blood Vessels Question 1
Part A
What tissue types and features are found in the layer indicated by the red arrow?
ANSWER:
turbulent blood flow around the plaque
more resistance to flow due to a decrease in blood vessel diameter
increased pressure due to a loss of elasticity in the vessel wall
All of the listed responses are likely consequences of plaques.
reducing stress
losing weight
not smoking
All of the listed responses are correct.
connective tissue and basement membrane
smooth muscle and scattered elastic fibers
endothelium and basement membrane
endothelium
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Art-based Question: Blood Vessels Question 2
Part A
What feature distinguishes this type of capillary from a continuous capillary?
ANSWER:
Correct
Art-based Question: Blood Vessels Question 3
Part A
What structure is indicated by the red arrow?
ANSWER:
tight junctions
thin walls
fenestrations
basement membrane
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IP 2.0: Factors Affecting Blood Pressure Bonus Question
Work through the IP 2.0 presentation on Factors Affecting Blood Pressure
. Then complete the question below.
Part A
During exercise, cardiac output may increase by more than 170
to meet the body’s increased demands. This increase in cardiac output increases blood pressure. But the
accompanying increase in arterial pressure is relatively small—only about 40
. What limits this increase in blood pressure so that it doesn’t reach dangerously high levels during exercise?
Hint 1. Factors affecting blood pressure.
Blood pressure is related to cardiac output and total peripheral resistance by the equation: . If cardiac output increases, there is only one way to substantially
limit the increase in blood pressure: by simultaneously decreasing total peripheral resistance.
ANSWER:
Correct
During exercise, total peripheral resistance decreases. This is primarily due to an increase in the diameters of arterioles supplying the exercising muscles. Vasodilation of the blood
vessels increases blood flow, providing the oxygen and nutrients necessary to support increased muscle metabolism. In addition, vasodilation of the arterioles in the skin also
allows for greater blood flow to the skin for evaporative cooling.
IP 2.0: Factors Affecting Blood Pressure
Work through the IP 2.0 presentation on Factors That Affect Blood Pressure
. Then complete the questions and activities below.
Part A
Match the terms in the left column to the blanks near their definition on the right.
Hint 1. Factors that influence blood pressure.
Most of these terms are factors affecting blood pressure. Blood pressure is a force per unit area determined by blood volume, cardiac output, and total peripheral resistance.
ANSWER:
the thoroughfare channel
a fenestration
an arteriovenous anastomosis
a precapillary sphincter
Hematocrit decreases as more interstitial fluid enters the blood vessels.
Vasodilation causes arterial diameter to increase in the exercising skeletal muscle.
Blood volume decreases due to sweating.
Blood vessels shorten in the contracting skeletal muscles.
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Part B
Blood pressure would INCREASE as a result of a DECREASE in __________.
Hint 1. Factors affecting blood pressure.
A decrease in either cardiac output or total peripheral resistance decreases
blood pressure. You're looking for some other factor that, when decreased, causes blood pressure to
increase
instead.
ANSWER:
Correct
Decreases in blood vessel diameter increase blood pressure because blood has more difficulty flowing through small vessels than large vessels. In other words, a decrease in
blood vessel diameter increases total peripheral resistance. Assuming cardiac output remains constant, the increased total peripheral resistance would increase blood pressure. Or
perhaps more intuitively, if cardiac output is to remain constant, blood pressure must
increase.
Part C
Which of the following changes would produce the greatest change in total peripheral resistance?
Hint 1. Factors that affect total peripheral resistance
Reset
Help
Total peripheral resistance
: the amount of friction blood encounters during flow through blood
vessels.
Cardiac output
: the volume of blood pumped out by one ventricle each minute.
Blood pressure
: the force of the blood against the vessel wall.
Blood viscosity
: the friction red blood cells encounter when moving past each other.
cardiac output
blood vessel diameter
blood viscosity
blood volume
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Total peripheral resistance is affected by blood viscosity, vessel length, and vessel diameter as shown in the following graph:
ANSWER:
Correct
The main determinant of total peripheral resistance is the diameter of the small arterioles. As blood vessel diameter increases, resistance goes down, and vice versa. Resistance is
inversely proportional to the fourth power of the blood vessel radius. Radius is one-half of the vessel diameter. This means any change in vessel diameter will affect resistance by
a factor of where r is the radius. For example, a doubling of the vessel diameter will have a 2*2*2*2 or 16-fold reduction in resistance.
Part D
The following activities and body conditions affect blood pressure by changing one of the two listed factors.
Drag the appropriate physiological changes to their respective bins.
Hint 1. Physiological changes that affect blood volume.
Alterations in blood volume occurs with activities or conditions that either gain fluid or lose fluid. This includes blood transfusions, excessive salt intake, excessive sweating, and
hemorrhage.
ANSWER:
10
change in blood viscosity
10
change in cardiac output
10
change in vessel length
10
change in vessel diameter
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Part E
The following physiological changes either increase or decrease blood pressure.
Drag the appropriate factors to the respective bins.
Hint 1. Factors that affect total peripheral resistance and their effect on blood pressure.
Anything that increases total peripheral resistance will increase blood pressure. Total peripheral resistance increases with increased blood viscosity, increased blood vessel length,
but decreased blood vessel diameter.
ANSWER:
Correct
Chapter Test - Chapter 21 Question 4
Part A
The peak blood pressure measured during ventricular systole is called __________.
Reset
Help
Reset
Help
blood donation
excessive sweating
increased sympathetic activity
smoking
high-altitude living
growth
Increase blood vessel diameter
Increase blood vessel length
Increase cardiac output
Increase total peripheral resistance
Increase blood volume
Increase blood viscosity
Blood volume
Total Peripheral Resistance
Decreases blood pressure
Increases blood pressure
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ANSWER:
Correct
Chapter Test - Chapter 21 Question 5
Part A
Peripheral resistance depends on all of the following factors EXCEPT __________.
ANSWER:
Correct
Chapter Test - Chapter 21 Question 6
Part A
When the net filtration pressure is negative, what process is occurring?
ANSWER:
Correct
Chapter 21 Reading Quiz Question 2
Part A
If the capillary hydrostatic pressure (CHP) is elevated, what consequences will this have on the surrounding tissues?
ANSWER:
pulse pressure
systolic pressure
diastolic pressure
mean arterial pressure
blood vessel length
blood vessel diameter
blood colloid osmotic pressure
blood viscosity
Fluid is moving out of the capillary.
There is no movement of fluid into or out of the capillary.
There are no plasma proteins in the blood.
Fluid is moving back into the capillary.
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Chapter 21 Reading Quiz Question 3
Part A
Resistance to blood flow in blood vessels is calculated using the formula R ∝
1/r
4
where R = Resistance and r = radius. Blood vessel A is 20 cm long and has a diameter of 2 cm. Blood
vessel B is 10 cm long and has a diameter of 0.5 cm. Which of the following most accurately indicates the vessel with the greatest resistance?
ANSWER:
Correct
Chapter 21 Reading Quiz Question 4
Part A
After workout, Eli was not feeling well, so he went to his doctor. His diastolic pressure was 105 and his pulse pressure was 39. Using these values calculate his systolic pressure.
ANSWER:
Correct
Chapter 21 Clinical Note Question 1: Edema
Edema
(eh-DĒ-muh) is an abnormal accumulation of interstitial fluid. The underlying problem in all types of edema is a disturbance in the normal balance between hydrostatic and osmotic forces at the
capillary level. For instance: You usually have swelling at a bruise. When a capillary is damaged, plasma proteins can cross the capillary wall and enter the interstitial fluid. The resulting rise in
the interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure (ICOP) reduces the rate of capillary reabsorption and produces a localized edema. In starvation, the liver cannot synthesize enough plasma proteins
to maintain normal concentrations in the blood, so the blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP) declines. Fluids then begin moving from the blood into peripheral tissues. In children, fluid builds up
in the abdominopelvic cavity, producing the swollen bellies typical of starvation victims. BCOP is also reduced after severe burns and in several types of liver and kidney diseases. In the U.S.
population, most serious cases of edema result from increases in arterial blood pressure, venous pressure, or total circulatory pressure. The increase may be due to heart problems such as
heart failure, venous blood clots that elevate venous pressures. The net result is an increase in capillary hydrostatic pressure (CHP) that accelerates fluid movement into the tissues.
Part A
What is the relationship between high blood pressure and edema?
ANSWER:
Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure will facilitate greater exchange with the surrounding tissues, reducing buildup of the interstitial fluid in the tissues by pulling it into the
capillaries.
Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure will cause excess interstitial fluid accumulation in the surrounding tissues.
Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure will cause a corresponding increase in pressure in the venular end of the capillary bed, causing plasma backflow into the tissues.
Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure will cause increased blood pressure, which could cause damage to the capillaries, allowing blood seepage into the surrounding tissues.
Blood vessel B has a resistance to flow = 16.
Blood vessel B has a resistance to flow = 256.
Blood vessel A has a resistance to flow = 320.
Blood vessel A has a resistance to flow of 0.625.
118
144
72
13
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Art-based Question: Blood Vessels Question 4
Part A
Which of the following can be stated based on at least one of the graphs shown here?
ANSWER:
Correct
Art-based Question: Blood Vessels Question 5
Part A
By how much does blood pressure drop as blood flows through a capillary?
High blood pressure causes a decrease in BCOP, and thus reabsorption declines.
High blood pressure leads to decreased CHP, and thus filtration exceeds reabsorption.
High blood pressure leads to increased CHP, and thus filtration exceeds reabsorption.
All of the listed responses are correct.
Blood speeds up as it enters capillaries.
Blood flow continuously slows down through the systemic circulation.
Blood pressure continuously drops as blood flows through the systemic circulation.
Blood pressure rises as blood flows from the smaller capillaries to the larger venules.
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ANSWER:
Correct
Art-based Question: Blood Vessels Question 6
Part A
What process is depicted in this figure?
ANSWER:
about 15 mm Hg
about 35 mm Hg
Blood pressure is not measured on this graph.
about 5 mm Hg
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Chapter Test - Chapter 21 Question 3
Part A
Vasomotion refers to contraction-relaxation cycles of the __________.
ANSWER:
Correct
Chapter Test - Chapter 21 Question 7
Part A
When muscle cells contract, they release substances that cause nearby precapillary sphincters to relax. This is an example of __________.
ANSWER:
Correct
Chapter Test - Chapter 21 Question 8
Part A
Each of the following would cause an increase in blood pressure EXCEPT __________.
ANSWER:
diffusion
active transport
osmosis
filtration
collaterals
precapillary sphincters
arteriovenous anastomoses
venules
endocrine regulation
neural regulation
autoregulation
positive feedback regulation
increase in aldosterone
increase in peripheral resistance
an inhibitor of angiotensin II
increase in blood volume
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Chapter Test - Chapter 21 Question 9
Part A
The cardiovascular centers in the medulla oblongata control __________.
ANSWER:
Correct
Chapter 21 Reading Quiz Question 5
Part A
Which brain region contains the cardiovascular centers?
ANSWER:
Correct
Art-based Question: Blood Vessels Question 7
Part A
Identify how the heart will respond given the imbalance shown in the image.
cardiac contractility
heart rate
peripheral resistance
all of the listed responses
medulla oblongata
hypothalamus
pons
thalamus
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ANSWER:
Correct
Chapter Test - Chapter 21 Question 10
Part A
Which of these arteries is NOT part of the cerebral arterial circle?
ANSWER:
Heart rate will decrease.
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) secretion will increase.
Cardiac output will increase.
Urine output will increase.
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Chapter Test - Chapter 21 Question 11
Part A
In the case of hemorrhage, the body mobilizes all these defenses EXCEPT __________.
ANSWER:
Correct
Chapter Test - Chapter 21 Question 13
Part A
Which of the following changes take place when you begin to exercise?
ANSWER:
Correct
Chapter 21 Reading Quiz Question 6
Part A
Hemorrhage triggers all of these responses EXCEPT __________.
ANSWER:
basilar artery
anterior and posterior communicating arteries
anterior cerebral arteries
posterior cerebral arteries
decreased ADH secretion
increased thirst
increased peripheral resistance
increased heart rate
extensive vasodilation
a rise in sympathetic activity
increase in venous return
All of the above changes take place as you begin to exercise.
an increase in urine production
an increase in erythropoiesis
an increase in heart rate
release of the venous reserve
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Chapter Test - Chapter 21 Question 12
Part A
Which of the following statements about the pulmonary circuit is FALSE?
ANSWER:
Correct
Chapter 21 Reading Quiz Question 7
Part A
The pulmonary trunk carries __________ blood __________ the lung.
ANSWER:
Correct
Chapter Test - Chapter 21 Question 14
Part A
Which of these arteries does NOT branch directly off of the aortic arch?
ANSWER:
Correct
Chapter Test - Chapter 21 Question 15
The pulmonary trunk carries deoxygenated blood away from the heart toward the lungs.
The right and left pulmonary arteries carry oxygenated blood.
The pulmonary circuit is shorter than the systemic circuit.
The return of blood to the left atrium marks the end of the pulmonary circuit.
deoxygenated; from
oxygenated; to
oxygenated; from
deoxygenated; to
left subclavian artery
right subclavian artery
left common carotid artery
brachiocephalic trunk
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Part A
The brachial artery branches to form the ulnar and __________.
ANSWER:
Correct
Chapter Test - Chapter 21 Question 16
Part A
Which of the following branches of the abdominal aorta are paired?
ANSWER:
Correct
Chapter Test - Chapter 21 Question 20
Part A
Blood passes from the external iliac vein into what vessel?
ANSWER:
Correct
Art-based Question: Blood Vessels Question 8
Part A
Which letter in the figure represents the basilar artery?
digital arteries
axillary arteries
radial arteries
palmar arches
celiac trunk
phrenic
superior mesenteric
internal iliac
common iliac vein
internal iliac vein
femoral vein
great saphenous vein
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ANSWER:
Correct
Chapter Test - Chapter 21 Question 17
Part A
Which of the following cardiovascular changes occur at birth?
ANSWER:
Correct
Chapter Test - Chapter 21 Question 19
Part A
Which of the following is mis-matched?
ANSWER:
Correct
artery labeled A
artery labeled B
artery labeled C
artery labeled D
Due to pressure increasing in the left atrium, the foramen ovale closes.
Rising oxygen levels causes the ductus arteriosus to constrict, closing off the connection between the pulmonary trunk and the aorta.
With the infant's first breath, the pulmonary vessels expand.
All of these changes occur at birth.
umbilical vein; deoxygenated blood to placenta from fetus
ductus arteriosus; connection between pulmonary and aortic arch in fetus
ductus venosus; connection between liver and inferior vena cava in fetus
foramen ovale; opening between atria in fetus
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Chapter 21 Reading Quiz Question 9
Part A
If a newborn presents with patent ductus arteriosus, what could be the possible consequence to the newborn baby?
ANSWER:
Correct
Art-based Question: Blood Vessels Question 10
Part A
Which of the following describes the function of the vessel indicated by the red arrow?
ANSWER:
Correct
Spotlight Figure 21.33: Congenital Heart Problems
Read through the Chapter 21 Spotlight Activity, Congenital Heart Problems
, and answer the following questions.
The condition will create a right-to-left shunt.
The baby will appear blue in color.
Oxygenated and low oxygen blood will be mixed.
All of the listed responses are correct.
carry oxygen-enriched blood from the placenta to the fetal ductus venosus
carry oxygen-enriched blood from the placenta to the fetal liver cells
carry oxygen-reduced blood from the placenta to the fetus
carry oxygen-reduced blood from the fetus to the placenta
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Part A - Congenital Heart Problems from Fetal Circulation
Which of the following congenital heart problems is a result of normal fetal circulation structures remaining open past birth?
Choose the best answer.
Hint 1. How does normal fetal circulation differ from adult circulation?
During fetal development, the umbilical veins deliver oxygenated blood through the liver and via the inferior vena cava into the right atrium. In an adult, this blood would travel through
the pulmonary circuit to become oxygenated in the lungs. In the fetus, this blood is already higher in oxygen, so some of it is diverted directly to the left side of the heart through an
opening that closes around the time of birth.
ANSWER:
Correct
A patent foramen ovale allows blood to travel directly from the right atrium to the left atrium before birth. If this opening remains patent, or open, after birth, that allows
deoxygenated blood to mix with oxygenated blood in the systemic circuit.
Part B - Anatomical Malformations
Which of the following are indicators of a congenital heart problem?
Choose the best answer.
Hint 1. Normal heart and blood vessel anatomy
Recall from chapter 20 that the right ventricle feeds the pulmonary circuit, while the left ventricle feeds the systemic circuit. The aorta is the beginning of that systemic circuit.
ANSWER:
Correct
In a normal circulatory pattern, the right ventricle feeds the pulmonary circuit, while the left ventricle feeds the systemic circuit. In many cases of congenital heart problems, the
defect describes the anomaly that is observed in the heart. While these defects are uncommon, they are very serious and need to be addressed immediately.
Part C - Open Shunt from Aorta to Pulmonary Trunk
Which of the following congenital heart problems does not usually involve an open shunt from the aorta to the pulmonary trunk?
Choose the best answer.
Hint 1. What is a shunt?
A shunt is an opening that allows fluid to flow from one blood vessel into another. During development of blood vessels, there are several shunts for fetal circulation, and if they do not
close, they can lead to problems.
ANSWER:
Tetralogy of Fallot
Ventricular septal defect
Transposition of the great vessels
Patent foramen ovale
Blood flows from the left ventricle to the aorta.
Blood flows from the left ventricle to the pulmonary circuit.
Blood flows between the right and left atria.
Blood flows from the right ventricle to the lungs.
Blood is diverted into the pulmonary trunk from the aorta.
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Septal defects usually only involve improper development in the atrial or ventricular septa rather than a shunt between vessels. Part D - Labeling Different Congenital Heart Defects
Pictured below are several congenital heart defects. Use the provided items to correctly label the images.
Drag and drop the labels on the right to the appropriate image. Labels may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
Hint 1. Normal heart Structure
ANSWER:
Correct
In many of these cases, the defect describes the anomaly that is observed in the heart. While these defects are uncommon, they are very serious and need to be addressed
immediately.
Chapter Test - Chapter 21 Question 18
Patent ductus arteriosus
Tetralogy of Fallot
Transposition of the great vessels
Ventricular septal defect
Help
Reset
Patent foramen
ovale
Transposition of the
great vessels
Tetralogy of Fallot
Atrioventricular
septal defect
Ventricular septal
defect
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Part A
As we age, which of these changes is NOT normally seen in the cardiovascular system?
ANSWER:
Correct
Chapter 21 Reading Quiz Question 10
Part A
All of these changes in the cardiovascular system are commonly seen in aging EXCEPT __________.
ANSWER:
Correct
Score Summary:
Your score on this assignment is 100%.
You received 43.06 out of a possible total of 43 points.
increased elasticity of the fibrous skeleton
decreased cardiac output
coronary arteriosclerosis
pooling of blood in the veins of the legs
decrease in hematocrit
decrease in valve efficiency
decrease in cardiac output
All of the listed responses are correct.
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