BHA-FPX4010-Emilia Bagiryan, assessment 2-attempt 1
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Qualitative Research Questions and Methods
Emilia Bagiryan
Capella University
BHA-FPX4010: Intro to Health Care Research
Professor Jason Roberts
October, 2023
1
Introduction
In this paper, we will first craft a qualitative research question. Next, we will pinpoint
pertinent qualitative approaches and tactics, methodologies to aid in addressing the research
question. Lastly, we will elucidate the significance of targeted data collection to the research
plan as a whole.
Qualitative Research Question
What measures can hospitals and surgical facilities take to mitigate or eliminate the
occurrence of retained foreign objects in patients following surgical procedures?
Annually, our healthcare system witnesses a rise in incidents where surgical instruments are
unintentionally left inside patients following invasive surgeries. Consequently, this issue has
adverse repercussions on the hospital's standing, leads to a surge in malpractice claims, and poses
long-term health risks for affected patients(Hibbert et al, 2020). The typical expense associated
with a retained foreign object incident averages around $70,767 per occurrence, while the average
compensation payout to affected patients amounts to $150,000. These figures are remarkable, and
hospitals frequently find themselves bearing this financial burden(Hariharan, 2013).
Qualitative Methods and Data Collection
Qualitative research techniques are employed to address inquiries pertaining to
significance, outlook, and personal encounters, frequently from the vantage point of the research
subjects(Renjith et al, 2021). The primary aim of qualitative research is to develop insight into a
societal or cultural occurrence. Qualitative research encompasses the gathering, arrangement, and
interpretation of information obtained through dialogue or discourse and serves the purpose of
delving into the interpretations of social phenomena as they are perceived by individuals in their
authentic surroundings. Four prevalent varieties of qualitative research methodologies encompass
Phenomenology, Ethnography, Grounded Theory, and Case Study(Renjith et al, 2021).
Phenomenology research is typically chosen as the method when a study aims to
comprehend the significance of an experience for a specific group of individuals. The objective is
to amass comprehensive descriptions of the participants' personal encounters, along with their
contemplation on the psychological and theological connotations(Rodriguez et al, 2018).
Interviews are the primary means of data collection in this methodology. In adopting a
phenomenological approach, the focus centers on the firsthand experiences of the participants and
the interpretations drawn from these encounters(Rodriguez et al, 2018). Phenomenology serves as
a pertinent qualitative methodology for addressing the research question concerning retained
surgical items since insights from surgeons and surgical teams involved in such cases can
potentially reveal deficiencies in policies and procedures that might have averted these critical
events.
Ethnographic methodology distinguishes itself from other qualitative research approaches
through its hallmark of prolonged engagement and close observation by the researcher, who
dedicates an extended period to being part of a social group for data collection. Ethnographers are
encouraged to fully immerse themselves in the perspectives and social interactions of the
individuals within the group, aiming to achieve a more comprehensive and insightful
understanding of the subjects under study. Ethnography is primarily concerned with providing
precise and comprehensive descriptions, in contrast to seeking explanations(Strudnick, 2021).
When employing the ethnographic approach in research, the objective is to address the question of
what it's like to inhabit a particular role or identity, rather than attempting to interpret the
perceptions of informants, as is the case with phenomenology.
The third qualitative research methodology, known as the case study, enables researchers to
carry out a comprehensive examination of a complex phenomenon within a specific setting. When
a case study is employed as the research method, it entails a thorough investigation that gathers
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data over an extended period from a well-defined case to provide an analysis of the processes and
elements at play in the phenomenon. Data can be acquired using a combination of methods, such as
observations or interviews, to identify shortcomings and enhance existing social theories(Alpi et al,
2019). To address the research question concerning retained surgical items, a case study could be
chosen by selecting a single occurrence or case in which it has happened and conducting a
meticulous exploration within its natural context to unveil various facets or perspectives of the
phenomenon. This approach could be instrumental in uncovering the reasons behind these critical
events and, ideally, in identifying improvements that can be incorporated into policies and
procedures to prevent them from occurring in the future.
The fourth theory is grounded theory research methodology, an inductive approach
designed to construct a theory about the processes in focus. It involves the simultaneous collection
and analysis of data, with the emerging theory guiding further data gathering. Diverse viewpoints
from the participants connected to the events under scrutiny are sought to explore various angles.
Grounded theory emphasizes using participants' own words and lets the data speak for itself,
avoiding the imposition of investigators' preconceptions(Chun Tie et al, 2019). In the context of the
research question, grounded theory can be instrumental in comprehending the perspectives of both
clinical teams and patients affected by retained surgical items, aiding in the development of new
theories as additional details surface during data collection.
Qualitative Data Collection Strategies
The choice of a data collection strategy is contingent upon the research methodology
employed. Many methodologies utilize a mix of data collection methods, whereas others may rely
on a single method. The selection also hinges on the nature of the question posed and the depth of
the required response. There are two primary approaches to data collection: one involves the use of
questionnaires or surveys, while the other entails conducting interviews. To illustrate,
straightforward questions might be adequately addressed through the distribution of questionnaires
to a broad population, while more intricate inquiries may necessitate in-depth interviews with
multiple individuals(Hibbert et al, 2020).
Utilizing a survey or questionnaire is a straightforward, uncomplicated, and efficient
approach when aiming to collect a collective perspective on various matters. This method allows a
large group or an entire population to articulate their views on a particular issue or phenomenon.
Obtaining a range of responses from a diverse array of individuals can assist researchers in
determining the most appropriate course of action(Hibbert et al, 2020). For example, in every state,
there is a legislator responsible for representing the majority's best interests. It is the duty of these
politicians to listen to the concerns of the citizens they represent and make informed decisions
based on the knowledge they acquire.
The qualitative interview commences with an interaction between the interviewer and the
interviewee. The interviewer comes equipped with a predetermined set of questions and associated
subjects to explore throughout the interview. This structured approach is designed to acquire a
comprehensive understanding and a wealth of insights from diverse sources, which can
substantiate the research and facilitate the quest for answers to the posed question. Furthermore,
posing the same set of questions to numerous individuals aids in identifying recurring patterns,
which can serve as guiding indicators for researchers, particularly when there isn't a clear and
definitive path to the answer(Renjith et al, 2021).
Targeted Data Collection
Targeted data collection is of paramount importance in qualitative research, although it can
be intricate. This focused approach enables researchers to discern and discern trends and patterns,
which, in turn, aids in refining the research question. Targeted data gathering enhances the quality
of qualitative research by contributing profound insights and attaining a high degree of precision,
facilitating the acquisition of answers when necessary(Hibbert et al, 2020).
The hospital acquired condition that I have selected requires a specific strategic approach,
which involves an immersive observance of daily operations throughout a hospital’s surgical
department.
The qualitative strategies and tools that would be required in achieving this effort will
encompass the observation and interviewing qualitative data strategies. The main premise of
healthcare is to provide optimal care for all patients and discover creative approaches to improve
that process.
To reduce any concerns or doubt, I will provide transparency to all participants and
reiterate all findings are for the improvement of patient care and safety, while keeping
anonymously names of members that participated. Safety comes first but staff should also be sure
that their provided data will be kept private to avoid unwanted drama within the facility.
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References
Alpi, K. M., & Evans, J. J. (2019). Distinguishing case study as a research method from case
reports as a publication type.
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Chun Tie, Y., Birks, M., & Francis, K. (2019). Grounded theory research: A design framework
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https://doi.org/10.1177/2050312118822927
Hariharan, D., & Lobo, D. N. (2013). Retained surgical sponges, needles and instruments. Annals
of the Royal College of Surgeons of England, 95(2), 87–92.
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