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Dec 6, 2023
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Uploaded by morgancj32
Mali sub-Saharan Country Plagued by Ebola Virus,
Fruit Bats and Ebola in the Wilds.
Chris Morgan
Southern New Hampshire University
IHP 501: Global Health and Diversity
Dr. Carolina Baldwin
July,23,2023
Health Challenge Analysis
:
Clinical Presentation
The CDC states EBOV could take 2 to 21 days to present onset of the symptoms.
associated with EBOV after the initial contact was made. The onset of the virus starts with
symptoms most commonly like fever or fatigue in the patient. If left untreated the symptoms can
become worse as the time frame grows to include sore throat, diarrhea and initially death if there
is no treatment given (Signs and symptoms Ebola Hemorrhagic fever CDC, n.d.).
Prevalence
EVOB does not have any age range or gender path that it follows. The main risk of
transmission is direct contact with someone that has the virus. “Bedding and bodily fluids from
the infected person “ are the only way to get EBOV from in-direct contact with the patient. There
is only one other way to contract EBOV that is the person must be bitten by a non-primate or
another primate that is carrying EBOV” (Transmission Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever
CDC
, n.d.).
At this time there is around a 50% mortality rate of patients that do get treatment in the
early stages, while most patients do not fall victim to EBOV there are some that wait until the
final stages to seek treatment. In the years “2013–2016 there was an outbreak in the West Africa
subcontinent that resulted in more than 11,000 deaths in the countries. This was the second
largest death toll that took place, between the years 1972-2016” (Mulangu et al., 2019). The
EBOV has claimed many lives over the years with recent advances in medicine the death rates
are dropping to 50% average now.
Inequities
There are not really any socioeconomic status that EBOV has shown in recent years. In
the past the lower social classes had been the most effected by the 1972 outbreak of EBOV.
According to the CDC travelers visiting the SSA area are not at risk of EBOV unless there is
contact with patient/person that has EBOV (n.d.).
For the most part many people will not come
into contact with anyone that has the EBOV. While the main race in the SSA is African, there are
not many visitors that come into the SSA countries.
While EBOV is “sexually transmitted between both females and males with active virus
loads. Males can still pass the virus in semen” (Transmission Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever CDC,
n.d.) still after there are no signs of the virus. While there are not many other groups that are
affected by the spread of EBOV besides healthcare workers that are in close contact with
patients. Tourists have been warned about outbreaks in the area making traveling to the SSA less
common.
Other Determinants of Health:
Environmental
In recent years Mali has been trying to Improve the drinking water in the country, by
changing either by construction means or more effective natural resource collection. The main
process is to protect the population from any outside contamination of fecal matter. In trying to
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promote proper fecal retention in the use of more “current toilets, the water contamination has
dropped” (Armah-Ansah, 2023). In the SSA the culture was not aware of the risk of fecal matter
in the water causing health issues.
While the caves and dense forest of southern Mali create the perfect ecosystem for fruit
bats that are native to West African Continent. The local farmers are trying to ensure that the
local population of fruit bats will not migrate into populated areas of dense cities. Fruit bats are
the main carry for EBOV and if introduced into a heavily populated area EBOV could spread
fast. This environmental hazard has been something that is known but few people venture to the
southern areas where the bats are located.
Biological
The biological determents that affect SSA are HIV, Malaria and Anemia. While HIV and
Malaria are found all over the SSA in health disparities, Anemia is the highest health hazard of
women in the SSA with “almost 40% of these women who reside in developing regions
including sub-Saharan Africa. Women aged 15–19 had the highest prevalence of anemia
(65.5%)” (Armah-Ansah, 2023). Many of these women have had children already and
experience health issues as a result of young birth mother rates. Anemia is the most common
health issue that women of the SSA are at risk for, with very young age childbirth rates leading
the cause. In more recent years with the addition of proper hygienic disposal and the education of
modern contraceptives the risk of HIV and anemia are starting to be lowered.
While EBOV has only been confirmed in two cases in Mali. The region where the fruit
bats live has been sectioned off due to being part of the southern region in the country. The
country’s lower southern half is not populated as there is no farmland in the region. Making the
southern portion of the country prime location for fruit bats that are carries of EBOV. There are
no famers that venture to this area of the country, many researchers have still remained clear of
the southern region of the country just for the dense forest and risk of EBOV.
Policy Evaluation
In the SSA there is a policy that the government is trying to get passed that will prohibit
the
underage marriage of women.
Many young women “will most likely be married before age
18, 10% of girls will get married before they attain 15 years of age” (Yaya, et.al, 2019). This has
lead to many young women aged 15-18 to be married off and have children at a very young age.
The policy will try to help in aiding with Anemia in the country, the hope is that young women
are not married off to help promote a healthy lifespan.
Reference
Armah-Ansah, E. K. (2023). Determinants of anemia among women of childbearing age:
analysis of the 2018 Mali demographic and health survey.
Archives of Public Health
,
81
(1).
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13690-023-01023-4
Mulangu, S., Le, D., Davey, M. R., O, T. M., Proschan, M. A., Mukadi, D., M, L. M., Nzolo, D.,
A, T. O., Ibanda, A., Ali, R. R., Coulibaly, S., Levine, A. C., Grais, R. F., Diaz, J. C.,
Lane, H. C., Muyembe-Tamfum, J. J., Sivahera, B., Camara, M., . . . J, N. (2019). A
randomized, controlled trial of Ebola virus disease therapeutics.
The New England
Journal of Medicine
,
381
(24), 2293–2303.
https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa1910993
Signs and symptoms Ebola Hemorrhagic fever
CDC. (n.d.).
https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/symptoms/index.html
Transmission Ebola Hemorrhagic fever CDC. (n.d.).
https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/transmission/index.html
Yaya, S., Odusina, E. K., & Bishwajit, G. (2019). Prevalence of child marriage and its impact on
fertility outcomes in 34 sub-Saharan African countries.
BMC International Health &
Human Rights
,
19
(1), 1–11.
https://doi-org.ezproxy.snhu.edu/10.1186/s12914-019-0219-1
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