ENC1102_Research_Paper_Outline_Worksheet-1
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School
Florida State College at Jacksonville *
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Course
1102
Subject
Medicine
Date
Dec 6, 2023
Type
docx
Pages
3
Uploaded by Highness_Lightning_Fish2
Research Paper Outline Worksheet
Directions
Use this worksheet, which contains a basic outline structure, as a guide to organize ideas.
Replace the generic main ideas, subtopics, and supporting details with information specific to the
research paper
.
First, write or type the thesis statement.
Thesis statement:
African Americans have endured an ongoing systematic
discrimination that has impacted their access to medical treatment
and care
I.
Introduction- While progress has been made in the past decades, African Americans still
face racism and discrimination in healthcare
II.
Body Paragraphs
A.
Main Idea as Topic Sentence-Black Women face concerning maternal morality
rates
i.Subtopic a- they have inadequate access to prenatal care and misdiagnoses
1.
Supporting Detail- black women are more likely to face a
pregnancy related death than white women
2.
Supporting testimony of Sharon Irving
ii.
Subtopic b-white doctors believe black people have biological
differences
1.
Supporting Detail-Black babies survive more with black doctors
2.
Supporting Detail
b.
Main Idea as Topic Sentence-
African Americans often find themselves
paying more for healthcare services compared to their white counterparts
.
i.Subtopic a- Black people are less likely to receive financial help than white
people
1.
Supporting Detail-Unemployed white patients are more of a
priority than unemployed black patients
2.
Supporting Detail-
ii.
Subtopic b
1.
Supporting Detail
2.
Supporting Detail
c.
Main Idea as Topic Sentence-There are pain management disparities amongst
African Americans
i.Subtopic a-Black people are less likely to be prescribed opioids for pain
management
1.
Supporting Detail-a study found that Older white patients with
advanced cancer are more likely to be prescribed opioids than older
black patients with advanced cancer
2.
Supporting Detail
ii.
Subtopic b
1.
Supporting Detail
2.
Supporting Detail
D.
Main Idea as Topic Sentence- Tuskegee Syphalis study
i.
Subtopic- This led to many black people not trusting the American healthcare
system
1.
Austin Frankt labeled the study as a source of mistrust among
African Americans
ii.
Subtopic b- Medical mistrust in African Americans leads to poorer
health
1.
If they do not trust the system, many African Americans will not
seek out medical care, leading them to pass away at younger ages.
2.
Supporting Detail
E
Main Idea as Topic Sentence-High wait times are a factor of medical mistrust
i.Subtopic Some black people wait 7 years for a diagnosis
1.
Supporting Detail-This leads to emotional distress, physical pain,
and a further lack of trust
ii.
Subtopic b- There are high wait times for ambulances as well
1.
Supporting Detail- NlM study found that ambulances respond faster
in wealthy neighborhoods than in poor neighborhoods
2.
Supporting Detail
III. Conclusion-
Despite strides towards racial equality in other domains, medical
discrimination against African Americans still remains. African
Americans face unequal treatment, outcomes, and access to
care. While various factors contribute to this problem the need
for reforms that address the root causes of these disparities is
urgent. One solution that the commonwealth fund suggests is
improving patient and healthcare provider relationships as a way
of building trust. While this may improve the issue of medical
mistrust and lead to others seeking out medical care, this would
not treat the root of the issue, which predominantly stems from
implicit biases in the medical community. Legislation, policy
changes, cultural competence training, further education, and
increased representation within the medical field are just a few
ways to combat the biases and systemic inequalities that
perpetuate this injustice.
IV. Works Cited
“Understanding and Ameliorating Medical Mistrust among Black Americans.”
commonwealth Fund
, 14 Jan. 2021,
www.commonwealthfund.org/publications/newsletter-article/2021/jan/medical-mistrust-a
mong-black-americans.
Testa, Luke. “The Legacy of the Tuskegee Study.”
Harvard Global Health Institute
,
Harvard, 20 July 2020, globalhealth.harvard.edu/the-legacy-of-the-tuskegee-study/.
“About the USPHS Syphilis Study.”
Tuskegee.Edu
, Tuskegee University,
www.tuskegee.edu/about-us/centers-of-excellence/bioethics-center/about-the-usphs-sy
philis-study.
Sciacca, Annie. “Black Patients Adjust Behavior to Reduce Chance of Discrimination
in Health Care Settings, Survey Finds.”
PBS News Hour
, Public Broadcasting Service,
17 Mar. 2023, www.pbs.org/newshour/health/black-patients-adjust-behavior-to-reduce-
chance-of-discrimination-in-health-care-settings-survey-finds.
Hsia, Renee Y, et al. “A US National Study of the Association between Income and
Ambulance Response Time in Cardiac Arrest.”
Jama Network
, U.S. National Library of
Medicine, 2 Nov. 2018, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6324393/.
Suliman, Tina. “Black Maternal Mortality: ‘it Is Racism, Not Race’ .”
Johns Hopkins
Center for Communication Programs
, Johns Hopkins, 7 Aug. 2021,
ccp.jhu.edu/2021/05/17/maternal-mortality-black-mamas-race-momnibus/.
Bleich, Sara N, et al. “Discrimination in the United States: Experiences of
Black Americans.”
Health Services Research
, U.S. National Library of Medicine ,
29 Oct. 2019, pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31663124/.
Greenwood, Brad N, and Rachel R Hardeman. “Physician–Patient Racial
Concordance and Disparities in Birthing Mortality for Newborns.”
PNAS
, 17 Aug.
2020, www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1913405117.
Williams, David R, and Toni D Rucker. “Understanding and Addressing Racial
Disparities in Health Care.”
Health Care Financing Review
, U.S. National Library of
Medicine, 2000, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4194634/.
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