Project One Research Investigation- progress check 2
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Southern New Hampshire University *
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Medicine
Date
Feb 20, 2024
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Introduction
The world is a vast place full of knowledge and valuable historical experience, cultures across the globe have utilized these attributes to combat various risks to the population. Although
there are diverse perspectives, disease and ailments are consistent across the globe as a major threat to the human experience. Lyme disease is one such illness that impacts different cultures and is likewise treated differently, sharing, and comparing the results of these practices can be beneficial to all societies looking to improve treatment for Lyme disease. Addressing these differences can provide valuable data and influence the path to find improved solutions. Lyme disease is a prevalent concern in the United States, the CDC estimates that 476,000 people are diagnosed with and treated for Lyme each year. In addition, the LDA has utilized this estimate to calculate a predicted 59% increase in the number of those individuals both diagnosed and treated annually (Lyme Disease Association, Inc., 2021). Lyme disease is most prevalent in the northern hemisphere, specifically in European nations and the United States. While statistics are readily available for the U.S. it is much harder to evaluate the impact to Europe due to differences in reporting, however it is estimated to be >200,000 cases per year (Snydman & Hu, 2021). Incidents of Lyme disease are not only projected to rise but also to expand into regions and countries where the disease was not previously reported (Stone et al., 2017). Along with predictions of the diseases increase, the severity and debilitating nature of its varied symptoms produce an undeniable need to seek improvements in treatments.
Source 1: Obstacles to Diagnosis and Treatment of Lyme disease in the USA: A qualitative study. This source provides specific data regarding late diagnosis and treatment of Lyme disease. I am including it because it provides a huge connection piece for my research since early treatment may reduce the occurrence of preventable complications (Hirsch et al., 2018). Complications that arise due to late diagnosis may change the success of initial treatment and or change the treatment itself. Since my project is targeted on the treatment itself and the purpose is to find the most successful of options this source provides key information to that solution. I found this source through a targeted search and utilized the key words obstacles to Lyme diagnosis. The difference between this source and the other two I have selected is that it is a qualitative study with the focus being centered on improving diagnosis as opposed to treatment
itself. Source 2: Lyme Disease: Diagnosis, Treatment Guidelines, and Controversy. This source provides data regarding both diagnosis and treatment of Lyme disease. It also is inclusive of various stages of the disease and the testing and treatment guidelines recommended (Moore, 2015). This source is great because it does not just focus upon specific treatments, and it addresses controversy in treatment of chronic Lyme disease and posttreatment Lyme disease syndrome. The latter is important to my research because it can be indicative of the success of original treatments, early treatments, and late treatments. This source was found while searching for Lyme disease treatments. This source is a featured article in the Journal for Nurse Practitioners and is different in that it is a compilation of guidelines targeting health professionals who should be aware of the differences in the stages, symptoms, and treatments of Lyme disease.
Source 3: Comparison of Lyme Disease in the United States and Europe. This study provides distinct information on the differences between the bacterial species that are responsible
for causing the infection, the symptoms, and treatments in Europe and the United States. This produces an extremely important key point in making comparisons for treatment; that the diversity between the strain can impact symptom occurrence and treatment needs. This source was found when focusing on cultural differences and utilizing key words: Comparison of Lyme Disease in the United States and Europe. This source is different from the other two sources because it is a study that specifically focuses on the differences in disease between countries. Social Institutions in the medical field in the United States operate within certain parameters. These parameters are influential in societal perception. The diagnosis and treatment of Lyme disease in the United States is beholden to several obstacles, the largest being the social stigma that prevents access to care. Ensuring the institutions practicing different treatments are credible and operate within parameters that align with those in the United States would be beneficial to combat the stigma surrounding the diagnosis and treatment of Lyme disease. This would benefit those institutions themselves and those working in the medical field which would hopefully produce a result that leads patients to better treatment. However, there is also an immense amount of the population that has been impacted by the disease that have had to battle through the social stigma to receive the care needed. Institutions that operate differently or utilize
uncommon treatments may produce results that eclipse social perception. Lyme disease is predominantly present in the Northern Hemisphere throughout many different countries all with their own medical parameters in place which creates a unique obstacle in comparing treatments. Complicating this further are the many differing strains of the disease and multitudes of various symptoms that can occur from each. Due to the vast differences in surveillance systems for Lyme
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disease in countries impacted by the disease clear comparison is still out of reach for current research
(Blanchard et al., 2022). Social norms in the United States allow for the stigma surrounding Lyme disease to drastically reduce the ability for proper diagnosis, and treatment of the disease. Understanding the reason why certain diseases are stigmatized may help to reduce its impact. Lyme disease is notorious for mimicking other diseases and mental health issues, it is common for symptoms to be overlooked, funding for research is inadequate and testing is not reliably accurate. Delays in diagnosis or treatment of Lyme disease can lead to preventable complications, representing later stages of the disease when the infection disseminates, including neurological manifestations, cardiac abnormalities, and arthritis (Hirsch et al., 2018). Early treatment is key in successful treatment of Lyme disease and yet not much has been accomplished to educate patients or medical staff to ensure early detection and or reduce misdiagnosis. These factors all fuel the stigma and create acceptance of the social stigma that surrounds Lyme disease in the United States. Beliefs and values in the United States create a trust in the medical professionals that its citizens rely on for care. A patient seeking diagnosis and treatment for Lyme disease in the United States relies upon its healthcare institutions to provide them with unbiased professional support. Patients not only rely upon this support but value the responsibility of the medical professionals. Patients often encounter many barriers to care, including insurance coverage, healthcare costs, travel time and distance to obtain care, and availability of care (Lacout et al., 2018). Due to these circumstances unfortunately, many will not find the support available through practical measures.
Research Question
The research question I have chosen is based on the investigation of treatments for Lyme disease across cultures. I would like to know more about how successful early treatments are, what possibilities there are for a vaccine to prohibit the disease, and how to ensure diagnosis is made quickly. What action needs to be taken to incorporate data from around the world to develop more reliable testing for diagnostics, successful treatments, and an eventual vaccine to combat Lyme disease? Conclusion
A social scientist would break the question down into smaller parts and focus on researching the criteria individually. The next steps would be more specific research geared toward testing for diagnostics, seeing what works where and how we could adapt those measures
to conform to different strains of the Borrelia bacteria that causes the disease. In determining the successful treatments it would be prudent to search out studies and data that are quantifiable in regard to each treatment that produced successful results. In compiling data from diverse areas impacted by the disease efforts would need to be made to thoroughly analyze, organize, test and structure results within clear and common parameters. Lastly, searching for attempts to create vaccines for Lyme disease and what the outcomes were or are underway. Comparing Lyme disease in animals’ vs humans and determining the reason that there is a vaccine for animals and not humans is an additional path to finding solutions.
Audience
Individuals living in areas that have a high saturation of Lyme disease already would be interested in this issue. Those who have symptoms of, have been diagnosed, or have had Lyme disease in the past would all be potential interested parties to the information gathered through this investigation. In addition, scientists, researchers, and anyone in the medical field could all benefit from the results of this message and they would certainly be the most adept at helping to address the issue. There are many individuals to whom this topic would benefit, and research itself that would be more successful in applying the principles of comparing this disease across cultures. To combat Lyme disease effective
collaboration
and
coordination
among
key prevention
partners at multiple levels will be essential in achieving lasting control
(Beard, 2014).
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References
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communicable disease report = Releve des maladies transmissibles au Canada. Retrieved February 10, 2023, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5864472/ Blanchard, L., Jones-Diette, J., Lorenc, T., Sutcliffe, K., Sowden, A., & Thomas, J. (2022). Comparison of national surveillance systems for Lyme disease in humans in Europe and North America: a policy review.
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Eldin, C., Raffetin, A., Bouiller, K., Hansmann, Y., Roblot, F., Raoult, D., & Parola, P. (2018, December 6). Review of European and American guidelines for the diagnosis of lyme borreliosis
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Hirsch, A. G., Herman, R. J., Rebman, A., Moon, K. A., Aucott, J., Heaney, C., & Schwartz, B. S. (2018, June 1). Obstacles to diagnosis and treatment of lyme disease in the USA: A qualitative study
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Lyme Disease Association, Inc. (2021, January 13). New estimates of people diagnosed/treated for lyme: 476,000 annually
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diagnosed-treated-for-lyme-476000-annually/ Marques, A. R., Strle, F., & Wormser, G. P. (2021). Comparison of Lyme Disease in the United States and Europe.
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Moore, K. S. (2015). Lyme Disease: Diagnosis, Treatment Guidelines, and Controversy.
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