genetic

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Chamberlain College of Nursing *

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201

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Medicine

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Feb 20, 2024

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docx

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Running head: GENETIC PEDIGREE: HYPERTENSION AND DIABETES 1 Genetic Pedigree; Hypertension and Diabetes

Running head: GENETIC PEDIGREE: HYPERTENSION AND DIABETES 2 Genetic Pedigree; Hypertension and Diabetes People from African descent have a higher genetic predisposition to developing diseases like hypertension and diabetes than other ethnicities. Diabetes and hypertension primarily are lifestyle diseases, but research shows they are also genetic and a combination of genetics, lifestyle, and the environmental impact on gene expression. According to the 2020 report by the CDC, 34.2 million Americans have diabetes, and 108 million have hypertension (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2020). These two diseases co-occur most often than not and the leading causes of morbidity in the US. Diabetes is the seventh most likely disease to cause fatality, while the associated factors with hypertension increase the person's morbidity rate. Prevalence There is no treatment for both diseases, but patients can manage the disease and have a full life. According to Ng (2015), non-Hispanic blacks have a 13.2% chance of getting diabetes compared to other minority groups, such as Asian Americans with a 12.8% chance, Asians, with a 9% chance, and 7.6% for non-Hispanic white. Hypertension is also a common disease, with an average 29% prevalence in America and according to the CDC, the prevalence was higher among non-Hispanic blacks, 40.3%, than in other ethnicities (Facts About Hypertension, 2020). Conclusively, there is a discernible genetic predisposition for diabetes and hypertension, which is higher in people of African descent. Pathophysiology The pathophysiology of diabetes begins with genetic predisposition and gene expression as influenced by environmental factors. The person then develops inflammation and autoimmunity or inflammation and metabolic stress. With swelling and autoimmunity, the person develops a beta cell destruction wile with inflammation and metabolic stress, the beta

Running head: GENETIC PEDIGREE: HYPERTENSION AND DIABETES 3 cells dysfunction (Skyler et al., 2017). The dysfunctioning or destroyed cells then cause hyperglycemia and a resulting Type 1, 2, and other types of diabetes. Hypertension is diagnosed when one or both of the systolic or diastolic pressure are raised. The process of maintaining blood pressure includes the following physiological mechanisms; arterial baroreceptors, the renin-angiotensin–aldosterone system, atrial natriuretic peptide, endothelins, and mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid steroids (Fryar et al., 2020). A dysfunction of one or more of the above processes alters the degree of the heartbeat, the retention of water and sodium thus resulting in raised blood pressure. Risk Factors Although the genetic predisposition for acquiring hypertension and diabetes are higher in African Americans, other risk factors are present for the diseases. For instance, older people are more likely to develop hypertension due to the strain on their cardiovascular system. Additionally, being overweight and obese puts pressure on the heart. Other risk factors include physical inactivity, excess salt consumption, stress, and other underlying medical cardiovascular conditions (Skyler et al., 2017). Hypertension and diabetes have similar risk factors. Additional risk factors for diabetes include pre-diabetes and women who have ever have gestational diabetes. Genetic-based Research Findings Unlocking the gene mutations resulting in diabetes and hypertension could enable a better understanding of how to treat and manage the disease. Additionally, using CRISPR, the gene- editing tool, determining which genes mutations cause diabetes and also discovering how they can be altered without risking interference with other physiological manifestations is key to treating diabetes (Washington University School of Medicine, 2020). Since diabetes is a

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Running head: GENETIC PEDIGREE: HYPERTENSION AND DIABETES 4 progressive disease manifesting based on genetic predisposition and other risk factors, the CRISPR tool could hold promise on how to successfully reverse the condition. Patients with diabetes are more likely to have or develop hypertension than to suffer a singularly occurring condition. The risk factors for both diseases are similar. The African- American population is predisposed to both diseases due to genetic factors. However, soon, the treatment of diabetes and hypertension caused diabetes may be reversible due to the CRISPR gene-editing tool.

Running head: GENETIC PEDIGREE: HYPERTENSION AND DIABETES 5 References Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020). National diabetes statistics report, 2020. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, US Department of Health and Human Services . Facts about Hypertension. (2020, February 25). Retrieved from www.cdc.gov/bloodpressure/facts.htm Fryar, C. D., Ostchega, Y., Hales, C. M., Zhang, G., & Kruszon-Moran, D. (2017). Hypertension prevalence and control among adults: United States, 2015-2016. Ng, M. C. (2015). Genetics of type 2 diabetes in African Americans. Current diabetes reports , 15 (10), 74. Skyler, J. S., Bakris, G. L., Bonifacio, E., Darsow, T., Eckel, R. H., Groop, L., & McElvaine, A. T. (2017). Differentiation of diabetes by pathophysiology, natural history, and prognosis. Diabetes , 66 (2), 241-255. Washington University School of Medicine. (2020, April 22). Diabetes reversed in mice with genetically edited stem cells derived from patients: CRISPR corrects genetic defect so cells can normalize blood sugar. ScienceDaily . Retrieved June 20, 2020 from www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/04/200422214036.htm

genetic

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