Ghamlouche-Ibrahim-300331686-Individual Project

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1 Ghamlouche, Ibrahim, 300331686 Your family name: Your first name: Your student number: *see Individual Project Guidelines for full details, including the detailed Questions* 1. What is your current field of study, and what would you most like to do in your career after you graduate? 2. What are your learning objectives for this individual project for your current studies, and for your future career ? a. Industry: b. Company/Organisation: 3. Apply our PEST framework to the industry you have chosen. Given this research (these 4 articles you have found, as per Guidelines): What information have you learned about this industry that will be helpful to your future career; and how will you apply that information as you progress toward graduation and that future career? 4. Apply our PEST framework to the company/organisation you have mentioned in #1 above. Given this research (the 4 articles you have found, as per Guidelines): What have you learned about this company that will be helpful to your future career; and how will you apply those learnings as you progress toward graduation and that future career? 5. Given this research (the 2 articles you have found, as per Guidelines): What have you learned that will be helpful to your future career; and how will you apply those learnings as you progress toward graduation and that future career? 6. What have you learned from this individual project which has helped you progress toward the learning objectives you set in #2 above ? Be specific: describe in detail what you have learned toward each of the objectives you outlined in #2 above.

2 Ghamlouche, Ibrahim, 300331686 1) As a current Mechanical Engineering student, I have been exposed to the fascinating world of design engineering, specifically the use of Computer-Aided Design (CAD) software to create products. CAD design engineers utilize software such as Solidworks and OnShape to create 3D models and designs that can be used for a variety of purposes. I am particularly interested in pursuing this field after graduation because I find it to be an exciting and challenging area of work. One company that I am incredibly drawn to is Apple. As a user of their products for many years, I have always been impressed by their sleek designs and innovative technologies. The idea of contributing to the creation of Apple's products is a dream come true. As a CAD engineer at Apple, I would have the opportunity to work on products that are seen and used by millions of people around the world, which is a fulfilling and rewarding experience. In my opinion, CAD engineers are integral to the success of a company like Apple. They are responsible for creating the 3D models that serve as the foundation for the company's products. Without them, Apple's products would not exist in the form that we know them today. As a CAD engineer at Apple, I would be part of a team that is responsible for designing and creating some of the most iconic products in the world. Moreover, I believe that working at a company like Apple would provide me with the opportunity to work with some of the most talented engineers and designers in the industry. Collaborating with people who are passionate about their work and strive for excellence is essential to my professional growth and development. Finally, my field of study in Mechanical Engineering has allowed me to explore the fascinating field of CAD design engineering, which I am interested in pursuing after graduation. I am incredibly drawn to the idea of working as a CAD engineer at Apple due to my admiration for their products and designs. I believe that CAD engineers play a critical role in the success of a company like Apple, and I would be honored to be a part of the team that designs and creates their innovative products. 2) The engineering design industry is a crucial sector that involves the creation of innovative solutions to problems that require an engineering perspective. It covers a wide range of industries, from automotive to aerospace, manufacturing, consumer products, and more. Engineering design firms often work with clients to provide custom engineering solutions that meet their specific needs. The field of mechanical engineering is closely related to the engineering design industry since mechanical engineers are often involved in the design, development, and testing of various products and systems. Mechanical engineers use their knowledge of physics, mathematics, and materials science to design and analyze mechanical systems, such as engines, machines, and tools. CAD (computer-aided design) is a critical tool used by mechanical engineers in the engineering design industry to create 3D models and simulations of products and systems. CAD allows mechanical engineers to visualize their designs, test them for various conditions, and optimize them for performance, cost, and manufacturability. Focusing on the engineering design industry can help mechanical engineering students like you gain a better understanding of the real-world applications of the concepts you learn in class. It can also help you develop valuable skills in project management, problem-solving, and communication that are highly sought after by employers. In this individual project, you can explore the various aspects of the engineering design industry, including the latest technologies and trends, the challenges faced by engineering design firms, and the career opportunities available in the field. You can also learn about the different CAD software tools available and how they are used in the industry. In summary, the engineering design industry is a fascinating sector that offers

3 Ghamlouche, Ibrahim, 300331686 many exciting career opportunities for mechanical engineers. Focusing on this industry in your individual project can help you gain valuable insights into the field, develop new skills, and prepare for a successful career in mechanical engineering. Furthermore, I have chosen Apple as the company to focus on in this individual project as it is a leader in innovation and design within the technology industry. Apple's products, such as the iPhone, MacBook, and iPad, are not only popular but also highly regarded for their aesthetics, performance, and user experience. As a mechanical engineering student interested in CAD design engineering, I am intrigued by Apple's approach to design and the role that CAD engineers play in the company's product development process. Apple's design philosophy of simplicity, functionality, and aesthetics has always fascinated me. As a potential CAD design engineer, it is essential for me to understand the design principles and engineering behind the products that I may work on in the future. Moreover, Apple's focus on sustainability and reducing its carbon footprint is commendable, and I am interested in understanding how the company incorporates these values into its product design and manufacturing processes. Furthermore, as one of the most valuable companies globally, Apple's success in the technology industry is a testament to its ability to innovate and adapt to changing consumer demands. By focusing on Apple in this individual project, I hope to learn more about the company's relations, employment, and how it stays at the forefront of technology innovation. In conclusion, Apple's reputation for design excellence, focus on sustainability, and market leadership in the technology industry makes it an ideal company for me to focus on in this individual project. By examining Apple's approach to design and engineering, I hope to gain insights that will help me in my future career as a mechanical engineer specializing in CAD design engineering. 3) Relating to the political aspect of engineering design, one of the major projects design engineers work on is energy systems. Energy systems have a great impact on politics as many countries yearn to build efficient energy systems to power their countries. Moreover, this means this need for energy could lead to many political issues. For example, it could lead to disputes between countries over energy sources, or it could lead to cooperation by one country aiding in extracting energy sources in energy fueled developing countries. However, more often than not the result is a dispute over the land with the energy resources. One of the most popular sources of energy is oil. A recent dispute which has ended is the dispute between Iraq and Turkey over the Kurdish oil exports. Iraq made claims against Turkey stating that “Turkey violated a 1973 pipeline transit agreement by allowing the exports without Baghdad’s consent” (Jalabi & Samson, 2023). The case was taken to international court. The international court therefore ruled that Turkey would have to pay a fine of 1.5 billion dollars. The Turkey-Iraq dispute id one of many relating to the extraction of oil and the process of extracting oil as it is a politically hot topic. Furthermore, the field of engineering design is a great contributor to the growth of economies. As design engineers are the root of production of products. Design engineers plan and instill the process of manufacturing of products. In addition, one of the main correlations between design engineering and the economy is that the better the production quality of products and performance the better the impact it has on the production chain, and the bigger the production the more employment demand for manufacturing, advertising, management, and others. However, this effect can also be negative on the employment market for as newer products have many enhancements that can completely

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4 Ghamlouche, Ibrahim, 300331686 replace presence of human interaction. For example, the increase in unemployment in factories as machines are replacing the employees’ roles for cheaper costs on the long run. This issue has been a problem for a while as the job market for factories is on a declining slope as machines produce more efficient productions. This problem started being acknowledged in the 1989 in the United States by the Department of Labour. Unemployment rose drastically and was shown by “The Labour Department’s survey of households found that the total number of people employed fell by 127,000” (Hershey, 1989) and concluded that the unemployment rate was raised to a “rate of 5.2 percent” (Hershey, 1989). A big amount of the jobs that were lost at the time were by factory workers with “16 out of the 20 principal manufacturing industries reducing jobs” (Hershey, 1989). Which gets us to the point that the design industry that is producing these machines are one of the main factors in the decrease in employment rates not only in factories but in many other fields as well like banking and others. Concluding, that the design industry has both positive and negative effects on the economy. The design industry has done so many improvements in people’s lives as it has facilitated many simple tasks in people’s day-to-day life. For example, one of the biggest designs that have been used to facilitate butchers’ jobs are machines that are used to slaughter animals. These machines have been very effective in the western countries as they have simplified the process. However, this process goes against the rulings of religions like Islam and Judaism as both religions follow a method for the animal to be permissible by people of that faith to consume. Moreover, this also has effect on Muslim and Jewish people in many western countries where the machine slaughtering has become the norm making it difficult for many people of these faiths to purchase meat products. Not to mention, the refugees that are facing these issues in their host country as the access to mostly halal meat is difficult and more expensive. In addition, what is making the situation worse is Muslim refugees “won’t eat meat unless it’s zabiha [halal], but you put them in these remote little towns and where will they get that there? You want them to eat potatoes and they eat rice normally, so their kids are not eating” (Waldmeir, 2022). Thus, making the presence of these machines that are being depended on for the slaughtering of animals an obstacle for people of certain faiths and are not going to be accepted by these groups in the west let alone in countries that have these faiths being dominating like Muslim countries like Saudi Arabia, Iran, and many others. Design engineers are the bases of technology as they are the ones that create and enhance products in the tech world. Design engineers go through process to accomplish the best possible technology for users. Design engineers have created many enhancements on pre-existing technology over the year. For example, they have created AI that assists drivers while driving and helps them avoid getting into accidents. They have also gone the extra step into creating AI that allows the car to drive itself as long as the driver is at the wheel making sure that in case of malfunction pr error there is a present driver to take control. However, these AI have not been perfected and need a lot of improvement. For example, there have been 11 instances where “Autopilot was turned on in 11 instances where a Tesla drove into a road crash scene, causing a total of 17 injuries and one death” (Bushey & Waters, 2023). Proving that the full reliance on these designs too quick isn’t a great idea as designs are flawed and technology isn’t perfect in the physical work and can fail. Design engineers do try their best on producing these products however the technology that is being provided isn’t enough to ensure the safety of the users meaning that the tech world

5 Ghamlouche, Ibrahim, 300331686 must calm down with the production of these AI and be more careful in their manufacturing and claims before 100% ensuring that the technology being designed and produced to the public is safe, reliable, and user friendly. To conclude, the tech world is heavily reliable on engineers and design engineers as they are the ones to manufacture the products tech companies are selling, but they must be more careful to what they are designing and what tech companies are selling to the public. 4) Apple, a renowned technology company with a global user base, is known for its innovative products such as smartphones, laptops, and tablets. However, concerns have been raised over the years regarding the company's data collection practices, especially in countries with differing privacy laws. This issue has been highlighted by the targeted advertisements that users view on their devices on social media and other online platforms, which are tailored to their interests and search history. As a result, many people believe that Apple provides access to these sites and platforms to obtain the private information users input or look up on their devices. Some even claim that Apple is spying on users and using their data to its advantage, with advertisements being based on real-life conversations. This violation of privacy is not accepted by many countries, and some have taken legal action against Apple. Recently, “France’s data protection authority, the Commission Nationale de l’Informatique (CNIL), on Wednesday fined Apple €8mn, citing data protection breaches in how the company tailors advertisements to iPhone users without their express consent” (Murphy & Espinoza, 2023).The authorities stated that the App Store was collecting information on users by default without their consent, which is a violation of privacy. Apple's data collection practices have also come under scrutiny in other countries, such as the United States and China. In the US, Apple has been criticized for its cooperation with the National Security Agency (NSA) in the PRISM program, which allowed the government to access user data without their knowledge or consent. In China, Apple has been accused of storing Chinese users' data on servers located outside of China, which violates Chinese laws. Despite these criticisms, Apple has maintained that it takes user privacy seriously and that its data collection practices are necessary for improving user experience and providing personalized services. Apple has also introduced features such as privacy labels, which provide users with information on how apps use their data. In conclusion, Apple's data collection practices have been a subject of controversy for several years. While some argue that these practices are necessary for improving user experience and providing personalized services, others claim that they violate user privacy. As privacy laws and regulations continue to evolve, it remains to be seen how Apple and other technology companies will adapt to these changes while continuing to provide innovative products and services. Given that Apple is a very big corporation, it has a big number of sales and plays a very crucial role in the economy. In addition, Apple products are not cheap they cost a pretty penny and products like iPhone can range anywhere from 600$ to 4000$.However, it is known that Apple has a great number of employees playing a major role in the employment market. As Apple continues to open Apple stores and come up with new products, they will continue to employ people. Moreover, one of the biggest smartphone markets, India has recently gotten Apple stores. This as a conclusion will lead to a great number of jobs given that India is one of the most heavily populated countries in the world and has a lot to offer in the tech world thus continuously increasing job opportunities. Apple recently posted “The 12 listings imply hundreds of job openings, as a typical Apple

6 Ghamlouche, Ibrahim, 300331686 Store has at least 100 employees and flagship locations can have up to 1,000 workers” (McGee, 2023). In. addition, this is an expanding market for Apple as India is huge and will probably be getting numerous new stores that will require more and more employees. All in all, Apple has a great impact on the economy being one of the biggest tech companies in the world and offering thousands of jobs in many countries. Moreover, one would think that a tech company like apple would not have any issues with social groups. Well think again, Apple has been dragged into multiple situations where they have faced boycotts because of rumors or issues. For example, there was a boycott of apple products a while ago because there was a rumor that Apple was in relations with Israel which many countries specifically in the middle east find controversial and go against Israel claiming it is an illegal state (it is free Palestine). However, Apple denied the claims and eventually the boycotts came to an end. Furthermore, Apple has been “dragged into the culture wars proliferate” (Edgecliffe-Johnson,2022). Companies like Apple have been facing issues with state governments like Texas. Reason being is claims of “order likening gender- affirming medical intervention for transgender minors to child abuse” (Edgecliffe- Johnson,2022) which Apple is claimed to support and many cultures including the west do not believe in these types of procedures and are more inclined to go against it when it is children whom are being allowed and encouraged to do that claiming it is child abuse. Thus, one of the biggest social issues companies like Apple face are related to their support of controversial causes or problematic political stances that will cause a counter strike from the societies and/or cultures that go against these political stances and/or causes. Furthermore, I believe that major companies should avoid controversial topics and remain neutral on all topics as it will cause more harm than good especially when there are many debates and issues that are leading from these topics so better stay out of it than get backlashed from consumers and governments that do not share the same beliefs. Apple designers have been coming up with amazing idea for years. Apple has been one of the biggest tech companies in the world. They have come up with ground-breaking designs and features that are used and loved by many. To name a few, FaceTime which is used by many as a form of video calling instead of depending on third party apps and social media platforms, and iMessage which allowed people to avoid going over their texting limit since it uses Wi-Fi to send messages. Furthermore, Apple have been a leading tech company in the market having a great number of products and great number of sales. However, recently Apple has been designing and creating products that the tech world is not ready for as the technology available today is not advanced enough for the designs Apple is coming up with. To explain, Apple has been working on a virtual reality headset for a few years and have yet to release it because they didn’t feel like it was ready and claimed, “Apple’s designers to wait for the tech to catch up with their vision” (McGee & Bradshaw, 2023). Thus, Apple is claiming that the technology available right now is not enough to satisfy their vision and design ideas thus they keep postponing the production of their first virtual reality headset. As a conclusion, Apple has had a great effect on the tech world and continues to do so and evidently has plans of expanding the insight into the tech world and enrich the technology in use. 5) Engineering is a very competitive field that requires ongoing studying and keeping up to date on new technology, skills, and the markets requirements. The reason being is the

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7 Ghamlouche, Ibrahim, 300331686 tech world is on an ongoing slope and is constantly growing leaving the engineers with gaps that must be learned and skills that must be acquired in order to successfully work in the field of engineering. Furthermore, this implies that engineering is usually built for the fresh graduate that has learned everything they need to know recently and do not have gaps as they are up to date. This is the reason being that engineer as they age, they are not as valuable to companies anymore as they usually get to comfortable and do not improve their skill sets which puts them at the bottom of the priority list as they will not accomplish any ground breaking achievements while being negligent of the growing technology. For example, if an engineer has not learned a new coding language that is becoming popularized, they will find issues in finding a job. Meaning these older engineers are competing with fresh grads that have recently learned all the new languages and/or skills that they haven’t for a lower salary because of lack of experience. Even some employers have straight up stated that ““if I had it my way, I wouldn’t have any engineers over 35 years old on my project. Engineering is a young man’s game. Technology is changing so fast that our older engineers have fallen hopelessly behind” (Manager in a large electronics company)” (Dalton &Thompson, 1971). Which makes me realize that a major essential task I must stick to after graduation has to be keeping up to date on all the growth and demands of the market and constantly enhance and learn new skills to keep me in the loop in order to maintain and grow in my future career. Finally, one thing I learned from this article is that as an engineer grows older the less their salary gets increased, so even though they are the highest paid their salary eventually gets stunted and that is because companies believe that when engineers get to older ages, they tend to fall behind so there is no need to give them proper salary increases. Companies usually give annual salary increases to employees to keep them from leaving the company and keeping them motivated. However, given that these companies are not increasing the older engineers’ salaries properly they are basically saying that the older engineers are less valuable and do not care if they lose them. Culture plays a big role in the success of design engineers’ careers. Design engineering is a highly collaborative field that requires working with other people like product managers, developers, and other engineers. Culture affects how people work together, communicate, and approach problem-solving. In cultures that value open communication and collaboration, design engineers are more likely to succeed because they can freely share ideas and work together to solve problems. A culture that values experimentation and risk-taking can also benefit design engineers, as they are often tasked with pushing boundaries and developing innovative solutions. Moreover, “Flexible cultures —which emphasize enjoyment and learning—can spur product innovation in companies aiming to differentiate themselves, whereas stable and predictable cultures, which emphasize order and authority, can help maintain operational efficiency to keep costs low” (Harvard Business Review, 2018). On the other hand, in cultures that stifle creativity or discourage risk-taking, design engineers may struggle to achieve success. They may feel constrained by rigid processes or be afraid to suggest new ideas or approaches for fear of rejection or criticism. Furthermore, culture can also impact the design process itself. In cultures that prioritize user-centered design, for example, design engineers are more likely to create products that meet the needs of users and provide a positive user experience. In contrast, cultures that prioritize technical requirements over user needs may result in products that are difficult to use or do not meet users' needs. It's important for me to consider the role of culture in the success of my career. I should look for workplaces that prioritize open communication, collaboration, and experimentation, as these are qualities

8 Ghamlouche, Ibrahim, 300331686 that can help me succeed as a design engineer. To further my career goals, I could pursue opportunities to develop skills related to user-centered design, such as taking courses or workshops in human-computer interaction, user research, or user experience design. As a future design engineer, I understand that culture plays a crucial role in the success of my career. Therefore, it is important for me to find a workplace that values open communication, collaboration, and experimentation. This will allow me to share my ideas freely, work together with my colleagues, and push the boundaries to develop innovative solutions. It is also important for me to continuously develop my skills in areas such as user- centered design by taking courses or workshops in human-computer interaction, user research, or user experience design. By doing so, I can enhance my ability to create products that meet the needs of users and provide a positive user experience. Additionally, I need to ensure that the workplace culture aligns with my personal values and goals. A culture that stifles creativity or discourages risk-taking can negatively impact my ability to achieve success. In conclusion, I am committed to working on my career around culture by finding a workplace that values collaboration, experimentation, and user-centered design, while continuously developing my skills and ensuring the culture aligns with my personal values and goals. 6) Through this individual project, I have learned a great deal about the engineering design industry, its role in solving problems that require an engineering perspective, and its relevance to mechanical engineering. I have also gained insights into the different industries that the engineering design industry serves, including automotive, aerospace, and manufacturing, among others. Additionally, I have learned about the importance of CAD in the engineering design industry and how it enables engineers to visualize, test, and optimize their designs. This individual project has provided me with the opportunity to develop various skills, including project management, problem-solving, and communication. I have also had to identify and solve problems, such as finding relevant sources of information and organizing my thoughts coherently. Lastly, I have had to communicate my findings and ideas clearly and concisely in written form. As a mechanical engineering student interested in CAD design engineering, I have gained valuable insights into the role of CAD in mechanical engineering through this individual project. I have learned about the different CAD software tools available and how they are used in the engineering design industry. I have also learned about the benefits of using CAD in the design process, such as improved visualization, analysis, and optimization. In addition, I have learned about the impact engineering designers have on the economy, society, technology, and politics. As it is all intertwined through its various usages and its productions. By focusing on Apple in this individual project, I have gained insights into the company's approach to design and engineering, its design philosophy of simplicity, functionality, and aesthetics, and its focus on sustainability. I have also learned about the role that CAD engineers play in Apple's product development process and how the company stays at the forefront of technology innovation. Through this individual project, I have gained valuable knowledge, skills, and insights that will help me prepare for a successful career in mechanical engineering. I have learned about the engineering design industry and its relevance to mechanical engineering, developed skills in project management, problem- solving, and communication, gained insights into the role of CAD in mechanical engineering, and gained insights into Apple's approach to design and engineering. All of

9 Ghamlouche, Ibrahim, 300331686 these learnings will be valuable in my future career as a mechanical engineer specializing in CAD design engineering. Bibliography:

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10 Ghamlouche, Ibrahim, 300331686 Your Bibliography must have at total of 10 articles from the required sources. [1] Jalabi, R., & Samson, A., (2023). Iraq wins landmark case against Turkey over Kurdish oil exports. Financial Times. https://www-ft-com.proxy.bib.uottawa.ca/content/b4837b44-a646- 4d91-8f86-45a51612dad3 [2] Hershey, R.D., (1989). U.S. JOBLESS RATE EDGES UP TO 5.2%: Factory Employment Shows Biggest Decline in 7 Years Jobless Rate Rises to 5.2%; Factory Employment Drops . The New York Times https://www.proquest.com/docview/110228180/79A23F96B70747B4PQ/2?accountid=14701 [3] Waldmeir, P., (2022). Emotion alone is not enough in welcoming refugees. Financial Times. https://www-ft-com.proxy.bib.uottawa.ca/content/066b8abd-4cda-4ce2-8818-b6f9b60058ad [4] Bushey, C., & Waters, R., (2023). Tesla to recall nearly 363,000 cars over self-driving software flaw. https://www-ft-com.proxy.bib.uottawa.ca/content/611ef6e6-0463-4548-9976- 122b5ce60905 [5] Murphy, H., & Espinoza, J.,(2023). Meta fined almost €400mn over EU privacy rule violations. Financial Times. https://www-ft-com.proxy.bib.uottawa.ca/content/5f8240af-865a- 4cf6-8a5a-4d6cf1d5fcb1 [6] McGee, P., (2023). Apple hires workers in India as it looks to open first flagship stores. Financial Times. https://www-ft-com.proxy.bib.uottawa.ca/content/3a3a0343-8d47-4cf9-bf60- 13a516fc3b03 [7] Edgecliffe-Johnson, A., (2022). Companies cannot win America’s culture wars. Financial Times. https://www-ft-com.proxy.bib.uottawa.ca/content/248941e5-c95c-439a-a160- 1ea344ddd2c0 [8] Bradshaw, T., & McGee, P., (2023). Tim Cook bets on Apple’s mixed-reality headset to secure his legacy. Financial Times. https://www-ft-com.proxy.bib.uottawa.ca/content/86b99549-0648- 4c23-ab6e-642a4ba51dff [9] Christensen, C.M.,(2001). The Past and Future of Competitive Advantage , MIT Sloan Management Review, 42 (2), 105-109. https://www.proquest.com/docview/224968687/4021104E1D8246F4PQ/29?accountid=14701 [10] Unknown author, (2018), Harvard Business Review. https://web-s-ebscohost- com.proxy.bib.uottawa.ca/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=0&sid=4bf736b1-657e-422c-ab58- d41b9f99348f%40redis

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