Homework 5

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3101

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Mechanical Engineering

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Apr 3, 2024

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SPA 3101 Anatomy & Physiology of the Speech and Hearing Mechanism Homework 5 (10 points) Chapters 4&5: Anatomy/Physiology of Phonation Part 1: Label the lettered parts in Figures 1-4 and provide a description. This should include location and function of the structure. (5 points) Figure 1 a. Epiglottis: Unpaired cartilage between the tongue and thyroid cartilage, drops down to cover the laryngeal opening during swallowing b. Thyroid Cartilage: Largest laryngeal cartilage, superior to cricoid cartilage c. Arytenoid Cartilage: Vocal folds attach to them. Articulate with cricoid d. Cricoid Cartilage: Forms the base of the larynx, sits just above the top-most tracheal ring, shaped like a signet ring Figure 2 A. Pars Recta: Portion of the cricothyroid muscle most active during change of fundamental frequency B. Pars Oblique: Most posterior aspect of the cricothyroid muscle

C. Laryngeal prominence: Protects and Supports D. Lesser horn of hyoid bone: Projects toward the styloid process of the temporal bone E. Hyoid Bone: Supports larynx, attached to tongue F. Thyroid Cartilage: Largest laryngeal cartilage, superior to cricoid cartilage, superior cornu attaches to greater cornu of hyoid bone Figure 3 A. Hyoid Bone: Supports larynx, attached to tongue B. Thyrohyoid: Arises from the thyroid cartilage and inserts into the hyoid bone, elevates the thyroid cartilage or depresses the hyoid bone C. Thyroid Cartilage: Largest laryngeal cartilage, unpaired, superior to cricoid cartilage D. Oblique line of thyroid cartilage: Line on the inferior portion of the thyroid cartilage, marks the upper and lower borders of the thyroid gland E. Sternohyoid: posterior surface of the manubrium at medial end of clavicle, pulls down the hyoid bone F. Clavicle: connects the shoulder and the sternum, serves as an attachment point for the sternohyoid and other muscles

G. First rib : below the clavicle and start of the rib cage, is an attachment point and serves to stabilize H. Manubrium Sterni: superior portion of the sternum, attachment point for the clavicle and other muscles I. Cricoid Cartilage: Forms the base of the larynx, sits just above the top-most tracheal ring, articular facets for inferior cornu of the thyroid cartilage Figure 4 a. Inner surface of mandible: This surface consists of the mylohyoid line, sublingual fossa, submandibular fossa, and the superior and inferior mental spines b. Mylohyoid m: function is to elevate the hyoid bone, elevate the oral cavity and depress the mandible c. Geniohyoid m.: Narrow paired muscle situated superior to the medial border of the mylohyoid muscle d. Hyoid Bone: Supports larynx, attached to tongue e. Digastricus m. anterior belly: Attaches superiorly near the midline of the mandibular base on the digastric fossa and runs inferiorly toward the hyoid f. Stylohyoid m.: Connects the hyoid bone to the base of the skull, pulls the hyoid bone upward and backward, resulting in elevation of the base of the tongue

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g. Digastricus m. posterior belly: Attached to the mastoid notch of temporal bone, innervated by the facial nerve, may act to depress the mandible or elevate the hyoid bone h. Hyoid Bone: Supports larynx, attached to tongue

Figure 5 A. Epiglottis B. Hyoid Bone C. Superior horn of thyroid Cartilage D. Oblique Arytenoid E. Posterior cricoarytenoid m. F. Cricoid Cartilage G. Transverse Arytenoid H. Thyroid Cartilage Figure 6 A. Anterior B. Posterior C. Valleculae D. Epiglottis E. Cuneiform Cartilage F. Arytenoid Cartilage G. Vocal Fold H. Ventricular Fold Figure 7 A. Arytenoid Cartilage B. Thyrovocalis m. C. Thyromuscularis m. D. Cricoid Cartilage E. Thyroid Cartilage

Part 2: Answer the questions below (5 points). 1. What are the three basic types of vocal attack? The three basic types of vocal attack are breathy, soft, and hard. 2. What is the protective function of the larynx? The protective function of the larynx is to protect the lower respiratory tract from aspirating food into the trachea while breathing. 3. At a constriction in a laminar flow, rate of airflow increases, and pressure decreases. This principle is termed what? This principle is known as the Bernoulli effect. 4. The term for moving the vocal folds apart from each other is: The term for moving the vocal folds apart from each other is known as abduct. 5. The term for moving the vocal folds closer together is: The term for moving the vocal folds closer together is known as adduct. 6. When arytenoids glide along the cricoarytenoid facet, the primary change in the vocal folds is: A change in pitch 7. When arytenoids rock medially or laterally, the primary change in vocal function is: Abducted 8. What are differences among the vocal registers? (Describe all four.) Modal register is the pattern of phonation used in daily conversation. Glottal fry requires low subglottal pressure to sustain it and tension of the thyrovocalis is significantly reduced relative to modal vibration. In falsetto the vocal folds lengthen and become extremely thin and reed-like. Lastly whistle register is a product of turbulence on the edge of the vocal fold. 9. How do we increase fundamental frequency? Fundamental frequency increases by contracting the cricothyroid and vocalis muscles which lengthens and tense the vocal folds. 10. How do we increase vocal intensity? We increase vocal intensity by increasing the subglottal press8re (more forceful exhalation) and by increasing the compression and tension of the vocal folds (adductors and tensors).

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