_CCE 321 Metals Lab Report winter

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Feb 20, 2024

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Metals Laboratory Report Big Bad Rocks Inc. Civil and Construction Materials 321 312 Kearney Hall Oregon State University Corvallis, Oregon 97331 February 1st 2024 O. Burkan Isgor School of Civil and Construction Engineering 101 Kearney Hall Oregon State University Corvallis, Oregon 97331 Subject: Metals Lab Report - Testing Steel and Aluminum Specimens Dear O. Burkan Isgor: Please find attached the Metals Lab Report detailing a summary of the testing procedures conducted, results obtained, and discussion on the different tensile and impact strengths of steel and aluminum specimens. Big Bad Rocks Inc. observed the Tension Test, using the UTM (Universal Testing Machine) and the Extensometer Measurement tool, with an aluminum specimen to test for tensile strength and observed the Impact Test, using the Charpy Pendulum Hammer Machine, with both an aluminum and steel specimen to test for energy absorption. The results indicated how metals can absorb energy differently, how the samples were deformed in shape and helped understand how metals react to different stresses found in real-world situations. As always,Big Bad Rocks Inc. appreciates doing business with CCE 321 and trusting our services to provide quality results. Please feel free to contact us if you have any questions or concerns regarding the attached report. Sincerely, Maxwel± D Meye²

Maxwell D Meyer meyemaxw@oregonstate.edu Civil and Construction Engineering Laboratory Student Metals Lab Report - Testing Steel and Aluminum Specimens in Tension, Ductility, and Brittleness Submitted to: O. Burkan Isgor School of Civil and Construction Engineering 101 Kearney Hall Oregon State University Corvallis, Oregon 97331 Submitted by: Big Bad Rocks Inc. Maxwell Meyer School of Civil and Construction Engineering Oregon State University Corvallis, Oregon 97331 2

December 4, 2023 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................... 1 METHODOLOGY ...................................................................................................................... 1&2 RESULTS ......................................................................................................................................... 2 Tension Test ......................................................................................................................... 2 Charpy Impact Test .............................................................................................................. 3 DISCUSSION .................................................................................................................................. 4 Tension Test ......................................................................................................................... 4 Charpy Impact Test .............................................................................................................. 4 Relation to Published Values ............................................................................................... 4 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................................ 4 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................ 5 APPENDIX ............................................................................................................................... 6 &7 3

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LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Tension Test (ASTM A 370) ........................................................................................................ 2 2. Charpy Impact Test (ASTM A 370) ........................................................................................... 3 LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Stress vs Strain Graph of Aluminum Specimen .......................................................................... 3 4

INTRODUCTION This metals lab report explores the testing procedures conducted, results obtained, and discussion regarding the different tensile and impact strengths of steel and aluminum specimens conducted by Big Bad Rocks Inc.. This lab was performed using a series of tests with the instruments at the Oregon State University Asphalt Laboratory. Such instruments include the Universal Testing Machine (UTM), the Charpy Pendulum Impact Machine, and the extensometer measurement tool. These helped Big Bad Rocks Inc. understand the aspects of steel and aluminum performance and how they react to real-world stress. The UTM Instrument simulated the effects of tensile stress by pulling apart a sample of aluminum metal. The Charpy Impact Test provided insights into the energy absorption of aluminum and steel metals. During this laboratory experiment, the ASTM A 370 Standards were used for both the Tension and Impact Tests. Together, these instruments and standards formed the foundation of our laboratory investigations, offering multiple perspectives on the strength and behavior of metals. METHODOLOGY For this lab, there are two kinds of physical tests done. The tension test and the Charpy test. These tests were conducted under the ASTM standard, specifically A370. The way these tests were conducted is as follows. The tension test, also known as the tensile test, is a fundamental mechanical test used to determine the behavior of materials under axial tensile loading. When it comes to testing steel, the tension test is crucial in understanding its mechanical properties such as strength, ductility, and elasticity. During the tension test for steel, a standardized specimen is prepared with specific dimensions according to ASTM A 370 standards. The specimen is then placed in the testing machine and subjected to an increasing tensile load until it fractures. Throughout the process, various parameters are measured and recorded, including the applied load and the corresponding elongation of the specimen. The mechanical properties evaluated here are yield strength, ultimate tensile strength (UTS), Elongation, and Reduction in area. The tension test provides valuable insights into the mechanical behavior of steel under tensile loading. It helps engineers and material scientists understand how steel will perform in real-world applications where it may be subjected to tensile forces. By analyzing the stress-strain curve obtained from the test, important parameters such as yield strength and UTS can be determined, aiding in material selection and design considerations. In industries where steel is extensively used, such as construction, automotive, and aerospace, tension tests are integral to quality control and assurance processes. By ensuring that steel meets specified mechanical property requirements through tension testing, manufacturers can guarantee the reliability and safety of their products. While tension testing provides critical data on steel’s behavior under tensile stress, it’s essential to consider factors such as specimen preparation, testing conditions, and environmental influences to obtain 1

accurate and reliable results. In conclusion, the tension test for testing steel is a vital procedure for evaluating its mechanical properties under tensile loading. From yield strength to elongation, this test provides essential data for material selection, design considerations, and quality assurance in various industries. The Charpy impact test is an ASTM A 370 standardized test method used to measure the toughness or impact resistance of a material, in this case, steel. This test helps in determining the amount of energy absorbed by a material during fracture. The test involves striking a notched specimen with a pendulum and then measuring the energy absorbed by the specimen as it fractures. The test specimen is prepared with a V-notch or U-notch at the center. The specimen is then placed on supports, and a pendulum is released from a known height to strike and break the specimen. The energy absorbed in breaking the specimen is measured by the difference in the potential energy of the pendulum before and after breaking the specimen. The results of Charpy impact tests are used by engineers and material scientists to select appropriate materials for specific applications. For instance, in the construction industry, steel used in structures located in cold climates needs to have high impact resistance at low temperatures to prevent sudden brittle failure. In conclusion, the Charpy impact test is a vital method for evaluating the toughness and impact resistance of steel. It provides essential data for ensuring the safety and reliability of steel components in various industries. RESULTS Tension Test As described previously, an aluminum specimen was tested for its tensile properties using the UTM machine. A comparison of its dimensions before and after the test was completed and the relationship between its stress and strain properties are provided in Table 1 and Figure 1 below, respectively. Table 1. Tension Test (ASTM A 370) Specimen Thickness at min cross-sect. area before test (in) Width at min cross-sect. area before test (in) Gage Length before test (in) Thickness at min cross-sect. area after test (in) Width at min cross-sect. area after test (in) Gage Length after test (in) Steel 0.186 0.498 1.981 0.17 0.489 2.09 Aluminum 0.183 0.494 2.045 0.0805 0.397 2.3355 Table 1 provides data regarding the Tension Test using the UTM instrument. This data helps understand how the aluminum specimen deformed as a result of reaching the fracture point in a stress vs strain scenario. 2

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Figure 1. Stress vs Strain Graph of Specimen 1 and 2 Figure 1 Specimen Steel Figure 2 Specimen Aluminum Figure 1 and figure 2 is a graphs that shows the relationship between stress and strain for the aluminum specimens tested for tension using the Universal Testing Machine (UTM) and the Extensometer Tool. A blue line represents the output from the extensometer which is also the Modulus of Elasticity. Charpy Impact Test A ductile and a brittle specimen were tested for impaction properties using the Charpy Pendulum Machine, as detailed in the previous section of this report. A comparison of its dimensions, provided in Table 2 below, helps us understand how the two metals reacted to this test. Table 2. Charpy Impact Test (ASTM A 370) Condition Specimen Specimen Appearance Dimensions before test (in) Temp., °F Absorbed Energy (ft-lb) Dimensions of brittle area (in) Width Depth Width Length Steal 1 notched 0.3735 0.373 77.72 35 0.356 0.277 Aluminum 1 notched 0.3675 0.3675 79.52 28 0 0 Table 2 provides data regarding the Charpy Impact Test. It helps visualize the comparison between the dimensions of metals before and after the test was performed. DISCUSSION Tension Test For this lab, the tensile test for Big Bad Rocks Inc.'s aluminum bar gave a result of 2949.08151 lbf for the ultimate strength, and 1712.98334 lbf for the yield stress point, and a fraction stress point at 2865.82443 lbf an elongation of 10.5%, and a percent area reduction of 0.36% and a 3

tensile strength of . This is in comparison to the tested σ ??𝑥 = 2949.08151 ?? 0.0898 𝑖? 2 = 32, 840. 5513𝑝𝑠𝑖 ASTM B557 values from Baron Industries which got a yield strength of 13-20,000 psi, elongation of 10.5%, and a yield strength of 23-31,000 psi. These results are similar but are not the same due to some possible reasons. This would include that the aluminum used was not the same type, meaning the type of aluminum that Baron Industries used was 319, while the aluminum used in the lab was unknown. There is also the fact that the tools used to measure the gauge width after the fracture were not precise and relied on the lab group's hand measurements. For the steal sample the ultimate strength was 12149.39024 lbf and a yield stress point of 5731.38714 lbf and a the fraction stress point is at 11455.63059 elongation of 9.6% and a percent reduction of 0.41%, and a tensile strength of . σ ??𝑥 = 12149.39024 ?? 0.0914 𝑖? 2 = 132925. 495𝑝𝑠𝑖 The steel has a much higher shear and yield strength, making it able to support much higher loads. This can be seen in most modern bridges and infrastructure that use steel. Charpy Impact Test For Big Bad Rocks Inc. impact test, the steel absorbed 17 ft-lb of force and a % shear area of 30.6%. Group 2 found an absorbed force of 22.5 ft-lb for aluminum and a % shear area of 51%. Results from a NIST Technical Note (1858) had an absorbed force of 16.67 ft-lb and a % shear area of 97% for steel. MetalsPiping.com gave a result of 27 ft-lb with a % shear area of 46%. Again, these measurements for the % shear area differ due to errors likely gained when measuring the specimen as well as the type of steel and aluminum differing. The test appears to rely heavily on having a consistent material throughout the specimen as any variation between the specimens of other tests would result in a differing result. CONCLUSION Big Bad Rocks Inc.conducted tests and observations on different types of metals, both aluminum and steel, in the CCE 321 Laboratory. These tests included a tension and an impaction test using the UTM Machine and the Charpy Impact Machine, respectively. The described results were analyzed through the report in order to determine the group's understanding of how metals interact and are influenced by different loads and stresses. Big Bad Rocks Inc. was also able to understand that aluminum is a more brittle material while steel is more ductile, resulting in different reactions toward stresses and loads. By giving a discussion, personal analysis, and understanding of the proper criteria, standards, and machines and tools used for the lab experiment, Big Bad Rocks Inc. is able to show an understanding of the purpose of the lab. 4

REFERENCES (1) Aluminum Tensile Strength (PSI) Yield Strength (PSI) % Elongation Reference Specification . 2010. (2) Lucon, Enrico, et al. “Impact Characterization of 4340 and T200 Steels by Means of Standard, Sub Size and Miniaturized Charpy Specimens.” Impact Characterization of 4340 and T200 Steels by Means of Standard, Sub-Size and Miniaturized Charpy Specimens , vol. 1858, Feb. 2015, www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GOVPUB-C13-0d80d677dd4ac0a47b8489a5531adebb/pd f/GOVPUB-C13-0d80d677dd4ac0a47b8489a5531adebb.pdf, https://doi.org/10.6028/nist.tn.1858. Accessed 5 Dec. 2023. (3) “Standard Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing of Steel Products.” A370 , www.astm.org/a0370-23.html. Accessed 4 Dec. 2023. (4) “Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing of Steel Products.” Standard Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing of Steel Products , www.metalspiping.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/astm-a370-asme-sa-370.pdf, https://doi.org/10.1520/a0370-16. Accessed 13 Apr. 2021. (5) “Virtual Labs.” Sm-Nitk.vlabs.ac.in , Jan. 2015, sm-nitk.vlabs.ac.in/exp/charpy-impact-test/theory.html#:~:text=The%20percent%20shear %20area%20on. 5

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