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Air University, Islamabad *
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Mechanical Engineering
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Nov 24, 2024
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OBJECTIVE
:
To demonstrate a variety of distance measurement techniques useful over the range from 0.001 inch to 100.0 m. Calibration baselines are introduced and accuracy and precision concepts are reinforced.
INTRODUCTION
:
Clearly the most ubiquitous measurement is that of distance. From measuring microorganisms to the distance to stars, the task of measuring distances is commonplace. The means by which this is done is task dependent. The size of microspores on a filter surface may use electron microscopes while the distance across a river will require a common tape or perhaps a surveyor's EDM (Electronic Distance measurement).
Calibration of measuring instruments is vital in instrumentation and suppliers of equipment will always supply calibration certificates with their instruments in which they verify the calibration accuracy traced back to an appropriate national or international standard. The calibration of instruments before use is vital, and must be performed before using the instrument. All measuring equipment needs to be calibrated.
TO DO:
Familiarize your self with the distance measuring kit which includes the items listed below.
1. Vernier Calipers (Digital and the more common museum piece in this diagram)
2. Micrometer
The caliper can be used to measure internal dimensions, outside dimensions and the depths of holes (see figure 1). The procedure to read it is shown in the figure 2. To read the measurement you line up the index mark (the zero line on the vernier scale) with the main scale. You then read the main scale reading. In this case it lines up just past 22, which means it is at least 22 mm. You then find which bottom lines on the vernier scale line up exactly with the lines on the main scale. In this case it is 6, which gives .6 mm. So this measurement is 22.6 mm. If no two lines line up exactly you read the closest one. If, after looking at the two examples below, you are still having problems reading the instrument ask your instructor for help.
Page 2 of 8
measured value = 22+0.6=22.6
Task 1
You will find in the drawer a number of aeration balls. These balls are used in aeration columns
to separate volatiles from water (e.g. to separate gasoline which has been spilled into water) and to aid in Dissolved Air Flotation (DAF) tanks.
Each partner is to take measurements of the minor and major diameter of five balls, using both
of the vernier calipers (digital and mechanical). Once the data is recorded you are to perform the calculations detailed below. (Note: If you have any gross errors you should eliminate them from the following analysis).
Digital Caliper
1)
51.53mm 2)
51.38 mm 3)
51.42 mm
Mechanical caliper:
1)
1.49mm ± 0.05 mm
2)
51.4mm ± 0.05mm
3)
51.2mm ± 0.05mm
Micrometer
1)
0.4045 in
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2)
0.5067 in
3)
0.2555 in
Calculations:
Mean: Is the average of a set of readings and is calculated by finding the sum of all the readings and dividing by the number of readings.
Mode: the mode is the most frequently measured value of the data.
Median: the median is the measurement in the middle of all the readings. Half the readings will be smaller and half the reading will be greater than the median reading. If there is an even number of readings the median is not unique..
Data Range (or just Range): the range of a data set is the maximum value minus the minimum value.
Standard Deviation: the standard deviation of a set of data is a measure of the spread of the data. If the data set is truly random then the standard deviation tells you that 2/3 of the data will be within ±1 standard deviation of the average. Most calculators and spreadsheets have the capability of determining the standard deviation of a sample of data.
TO DO:
Enter your data into a suitable date table (ie Excel).
Determine the average (or mean) for both the minor and major diameter.
Determine the mode of the data for both the minor and major diameters.
Determine the median of the data for both the minor and major diameters.
. Determine the range of readings of each set of data.
Determine the standard deviation of each set of data.
What is the resolution of the vernier caliper (How precise are your measurements)?
Task 3:
Now take three measurements of the ball bearings (largest to smallest) with the micrometer and record your results.
Task 4.
In your notebook prepare a dimensioned sketch (not to scale) of the campus' courtyard grassy area which you are to measure (see figure 3 on the next page). Determine the unknown distances using the most appropriate of the measuring devices out of the following instruments: the Laser Rangefinder, the ultrasonic distance meter, a meter stick or the surveyor's tape. You must try at least two of the instruments. Report in your lab the results from each while measuring the distances around the lawn. You will have to make a decision as to how and where to take your measurements (the diagram is only a
guide). In your lab report explain where you took your measurements from.
•
Which is the most appropriate measuring instrument for this task?
•
What is the surface area of the grass? Be sure to quote your answer to a reasonable number of significant figures. You are more likely to get the number of significant figures
correct if you express the surface area in scientific notation.
If turf was placed on to 4 inches of top soil, how much top soil was required to be trucked in? Provide your answer to an appropriate number of significant figures in cubic meters (m3). If the dump truck can hold five cubic meters, how many dumptruck loads would be required?
•
How accurate do you estimate your volume estimate to be? Be sure to quote your volume to an appropriate number of significant figures. [For example if you estimated a volume to be 204.35 m3 and the accuracy to be ±50 m3 you would quote the volume as
200 ±50 m3. To quote the result as 204.35 implies to the reader that you are confident that the number is accurate to ±0.01 m3.]
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