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1
AVIA305
Sec D02
Brian Cortez
Annotated Bibliography
J. Domino, Z. Czyż and R. Bąbel, "Aerodynamic Load Measurements on the Example of Diamond DA42 Model Aircraft," 2023 IEEE 10th International Workshop on Metrology for AeroSpace (MetroAeroSpace), Milan, Italy, 2023, pp. 704-708, doi: 10.1109/MetroAeroSpace57412.2023.10189976.
This paper deals with the design, preparation and manufacture of a model aircraft for wind tunnel
testing. The project was based on the twin-engine aircraft, Diamond DA42. Based on technical drawings, a model of thie aircraft was made in a CAD environment and subsequently 3D printed using FDM technology. The dimensions of the model were adjusted to the size of the wind tunnel
measurement space. The model omitted aircraft structural elements such as propellers and landing gear. The entire model was then mounted on a 6-component force balance. For the final version of the model, wind tunnel tests were conducted. The work was supplemented with a description of the test stand and several tests were carried out. The test results provide useful insights into the aerodynamic design and characteristics of the aircraft.
Szczepaniak, R., Pożoga, Ł., Stabryn, S., & Stryczniewicz, W. (2016). FCFD analysis of the influence of winglets on the aerodynamic performance of the DA42 diamond aircraft.
Journal of KONES. Powertrain and Transport
,
23
(1), 361–368. https://doi.org/10.5604/12314005.1213551
This journal presents the application of CAE software for an investigation of the aerodynamic performance of a small two-engine aircraft, the DA42. In the study, Computational Fluid Dynamics was applied in order to determine the influence of winglets on the aerodynamic performance of the DA42 Diamond aircraft. The simulations were performed with the use of SolidWorks Flow Simulation software. In order to evaluate the influence of the winglets on the lift and drag force, two configurations of the selected aircraft were modelled: with and without
2
AVIA305
Sec D02
Brian Cortez
winglets. The results of the simulations confirmed a reduction of induced drag caused by wingtips vortices dissipation introduced by winglets. The maximum reduction of the induced drag was achieved at high angles of attack. This research is pivotal to a well structured argument on the reasoning for the design of the subject aircraft. Collins, P. (2019, October 9).
Flight test: Diamond Aircraft DA42 - sparkling performer
. Flight Global. https://www.flightglobal.com/flight-test-diamond-aircraft-da42-sparkling-
performer/55396.article
This article from flight global gives an overview on the key features of the Diamond DA42 that made it appealing to the masses when it first released. The article goes on to talk about the development, configuration, and operational ability of the DA42. It is particularly useful because
it was published at the time of release of the aircraft, giving it timely relevance. Diamond. (n.d.-a). Da 42 AFM 7.01.05-e revision 9. http://support.diamond-air.at/fileadmin/uploads/files/after_sales_support/
DA42_Twin_Star/Airplane_Flight_Manual/Basic_Manual/70105e-Rev9-complete.pdf
This is the 9
th
revision of the AFM for the Diamond DA42 NG. It contains everything from performance calculations, weight and balance, systems, operating procedures and limitations. It is a comprehensive overview into the inner workings of this aircraft and is an invaluable resource
in calculating aerodynamic performance metrics to add sustenance to my essay.
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Can you help with both please.
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I need help with my MATLAB code. There is an error in the following code. The error says my orbitaldynamics function must return a column vector. Can you help me fix it?
mu_earth = 398600.4418; % Earth's gravitational parameter (km^3/s^2)
R_earth = 6378.137; % Earth's radius (km)
C_d = 0.3; % Drag coefficient (assumed)
A = 0.023; % Cross-sectional area of ISS (km^2)
m = 420000; % Mass of ISS (kg)
% Initial conditions: position and velocity (ISS state vector)
% ISS initial state vector (km and km/s) - sample data
state_ISS =[-2.1195e+03, 3.9866e+03, 5.0692e+03, -5.3489, -5.1772, 1.8324];
% Time span for 10 revolutions
T_orbit = 2 * pi * sqrt((norm(state_ISS(1:3))^3) / mu_earth);
time_span = [0, 10 * T_orbit];
% Step 3: Numerical integration using ODE solver
options = odeset('RelTol', 1e-12, 'AbsTol', 1e-12);
[t, state] = ode45(@orbitalDynamics, time_span, state_ISS, options);
% Step 4: Plot the results
figure;
plot3(state(:, 1), state(:, 2), state(:, 3));
xlabel('X…
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Problem 3: Aerodynamics
Consider a UPS delivery van.
Part A
Is this vehicle streamlined? (yes/no)
Part B
Which drag force will be dominant, friction drag or pressure drag, and why? (<25 words)
Part C
By what percentage does the speed increase from 55 to 75 mph? [%]
Centr
Part D
By what percentage does the drag force increase from 55 to 75 mph? Assume air as given by the
ICAO standard atmosphere at an elevation of 5,000 ft. Assume the aerodynamics of the truck can
be predicted by a disk with diameter 9.0 ft.
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3/104 The car is moving with a speed vo= 105 km/h up
the 6-percent grade, and the driver applies the
brakes at point A, causing all wheels to skid. The
coefficient of kinetic friction for the rain-slicked
bogne-road is = 0.60. Determine the stopping distance
ed ISAB. Repeat your calculations for the case when the
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According to Froude scaling laws, what should the revolutions per minute of the prototype propeller be under dynamically similar conditions? and
According to Froude scaling laws, what should the horsepower output of the prototype propeller be under dynamically similar conditions?
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3. Problem
Estimate the frictional resistance Rp for a container ship using the ITTC 1957 model-ship correlation line
Equation (2):
0.075
CF
[ log,,(Re) – 21
The ship has the following particulars:
Full scale ship data
length between perpendiculars Lep
length in waterline
length over wetted surface
195.40 m
Lwz
Los
For the wetted surface S you can use the following
formula by Kristensen and Lützen (2012) derived
for container ships.
200.35 m
205.65 m
breadth
B
29.80 m
draft
T
10.10 m
37085.01 m3
S = 5 + Lw. T
0.995
displacement
design speed
Again, use the most up-to-date ITTC water properties sheet for density and kinematic viscosity.
V
21.00 kn
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CASIO
fx-991ES PLUS
ALPHA
CALC
EGO
the car move ?
[Ans. NA 16.5 kN, Ng =42.3
kN, the car does not move]
%3D
5. A box weighs 150 kg. The coefficient of static friction
between the box and the ground is 0.3. Determine if the
80 kg man can pull the box without slipping when the
coefficient of static friction between the man's shoes and
the ground is 0.4.
Hint: analyse block and man separately i.e. draw separate FBDS
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The following equation may be used to estimate the take-off ground run for an aircraft: Equation has been attached as an image.
Calculate the take-off ground run, from a runway at ISA-SL conditions, for a twin engine aircraft for which the following data may be assumed
Aircraft lift-off speed
155 knots
Max take-off gross weight
220 tonnes
Wing planform area (S)
358 m
Wing CL (t/o flaps deployed, a = 0)
1.1
Wing span
53.18 m
Oswald efficiency factor, e
0.7
KGE = CD(IGE) / Co(OGE)
0.4
Co sum (fuselage, wing, tailplane and nacelle)
0.015
Co for undercarriage
0.021
Co for flaps at taking-off setting
0.0073
Coefficient of rolling friction, u
0.02
Engine thrust (assumed constant)
310 kN per engine
It may be assumed that 1knot = 0.51444 m/s
It may be assumed that 1knot = 0.51444 m/s
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(b) A wind-tunnel experiment is performed on a small 1:5 linear-scale model of a car, in order
to assess the drag force F on a new full-size car design. A dimensionless "drag coefficient"
Ca is defined by
C, =-
pu'A
where A is the maximum cross-sectional area of the car in the flow. With the model car, a
force of 3 N was recorded at a flow velocity u of 6 m s. Assuming that flow conditions
are comparable (i.e., at the same Reynolds number), calculate the expected drag force for
the full-sized car when the flow velocity past it is 31 m s (equivalent to 70 miles per
hour). [The density of air p= 1.2 kg m.]
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(Review experimental scaling) A lightweight parachute is being designed for
military use. Its diameter D is 20 ft and the total weight W of the falling payload,
parachute, and equipment is 190 lb. The design terminal settling speed V. (or
terminal velocity) of the parachute at this weight is 16 ft/s. A one-twelfth scale
model of the parachute is tested in a wind tunnel. The wind tunnel temperature and
pressure are the same as those of the prototype, which is 70 °F and standard
atmospheric pressure.
a) Calculate the drag coefficient of the prototype. (Hint: At terminal velocity,
speed is constant so weight is in equilibrium with aerodynamic drag.)
b) At what speed should the wind tunnel be run in order to achieve dynamic
similarity?
c) Find the aerodynamic drag force of the model parachute in the wind tunnel
in pounds.
Payload
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The drag force of a new sports car is to be predicted at a speed of 65 mi/h at an air temperature of 25 C. Automotive engineers build a 0.333333333333333 scale model of the car to test in a wind tunnel. The temperature of the wind tunnel air is also 25 C. Determine how fast (in mi/h) the engineers should run the wind tunnel to achieve similarity between the model and the prototype.
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The force, F, of the wind blowing against a building is given by F = CopV²A/2, where Vis the wind speed, p the density of the air, A the
cross-sectional area of the building, and CD is a constant termed the drag coefficient. Determine the dimensions of the drag coefficient,
x, y, and z in the expression CD = M*LYT.
i
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Fluid Mechanics Problem
Note: Fluids are assumed to be at 20oC.
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A one-fourth scale model of a car is to be tested in a wind tunnel. The conditions of the actual car are V = 45 km/h and T = 0°C and the air temperature in the wind tunnel is 20°C. In order to achieve similarity between the model and the prototype, the wind tunnel is run at 180 km/h. The properties of air at 1 atm and 0°C: ? = 1.292 kg/m3, ? = 1.338 × 10−5 m2/s. The properties of air at 1 atm and 20°C: ? = 1.204 kg/m3, ? = 1.516 × 10−5 m2/s. If the average drag force on the model is measured to be 70 N, the drag force on the prototype is (a) 66.5 N (b) 70 N (c) 75.1 N (d ) 80.6 N (e) 90 N
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6. A ball is thrown straight up in the air at time t = 0. Its height y(t) is given by
y(t) = vot -
791²
(1)
Calculate:
(a) The time at which the ball hits the ground. First, make an estimate using a scaling
analysis (the inputs are g and vo and the output is the time of landing. Think about
their units and how you might construct the output using the inputs, just by matching
units). Solve the problem exactly. Verify that the scaling analysis gives you (almost)
the correct answer.
(b) The times at which the ball reaches the height v/(4g). Use the quadratic formula.
(c) The times at which the ball reaches the height v/(2g). You should find that both
solutions are identical. What does this indicate physically?
(d) The times at which the ball reaches the height v/g. What is the physical interpretation
of your solutions?
(e) Does your scaling analysis provide any insight into the answers for questions (a-e)?
Discuss. (Hint: Observe how your answers depend on g and vo).
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Step by step work starting with the formula.
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1. (a)
The motion of a floating vessel through the surrounding fluid results in
a drag force D which is thought to depend upon the vessel's speed v,
its length I, the density p and dynamic viscosity μ of the fluid and the
acceleration due to gravity g.
Show that:-
D = pv²1² (1)
(b)
In order to predict the drag on a full scale 50m long ship traveling at
7m/s in sea water at 5°C of density 1027.7225 kg/m³ and viscosity
1.62 x 103 Pa.s, a model 3m long is tested in a liquid of density
805 kg/m³.
What speed does the model need to be tested at and what is the
required viscosity of the liquid?
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b The equivalent resultant force, di x
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Problem 4.137
3 of 4
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I Review
Scores
Replace the three forces acting on the plate by a wrench. Suppose
that FA = {450i}N, FB = {-350k} N, and Fc = {300j} N.
(Figure 1)
Part B
eТext
Determine the couple moment of the wrench.
Express your answer to three significant figures and include the appropriate units. Enter positive value if the sense of direction of the couple moment is the
same as that of the resultant force and negative value if the sense of direction of the couple moment is opposite to that of the resultant force.
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- Can you help with both please.arrow_forwardI need help with my MATLAB code. There is an error in the following code. The error says my orbitaldynamics function must return a column vector. Can you help me fix it? mu_earth = 398600.4418; % Earth's gravitational parameter (km^3/s^2) R_earth = 6378.137; % Earth's radius (km) C_d = 0.3; % Drag coefficient (assumed) A = 0.023; % Cross-sectional area of ISS (km^2) m = 420000; % Mass of ISS (kg) % Initial conditions: position and velocity (ISS state vector) % ISS initial state vector (km and km/s) - sample data state_ISS =[-2.1195e+03, 3.9866e+03, 5.0692e+03, -5.3489, -5.1772, 1.8324]; % Time span for 10 revolutions T_orbit = 2 * pi * sqrt((norm(state_ISS(1:3))^3) / mu_earth); time_span = [0, 10 * T_orbit]; % Step 3: Numerical integration using ODE solver options = odeset('RelTol', 1e-12, 'AbsTol', 1e-12); [t, state] = ode45(@orbitalDynamics, time_span, state_ISS, options); % Step 4: Plot the results figure; plot3(state(:, 1), state(:, 2), state(:, 3)); xlabel('X…arrow_forwardProblem 3: Aerodynamics Consider a UPS delivery van. Part A Is this vehicle streamlined? (yes/no) Part B Which drag force will be dominant, friction drag or pressure drag, and why? (<25 words) Part C By what percentage does the speed increase from 55 to 75 mph? [%] Centr Part D By what percentage does the drag force increase from 55 to 75 mph? Assume air as given by the ICAO standard atmosphere at an elevation of 5,000 ft. Assume the aerodynamics of the truck can be predicted by a disk with diameter 9.0 ft.arrow_forward
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