80_Module 1 Written Assignment (2)
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City College of San Francisco *
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Course
80
Subject
Mathematics
Date
Apr 3, 2024
Type
docx
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3
Uploaded by plaw8
Math 80+80S
Module 1 Written Assignment
Numerical Methods for Describing Data
Name: _____________________________________
Please show all work for this assignment, because you will be graded on the clarity of your explanation as well as the correctness of your work. An answer with no work will receive no credit. 1) One study of cell phones and the risk of brain cancer looked at a group of 469 people who have brain cancer. The investigators matched each cancer patient with a person of the same age, sex, and race who did not have brain cancer, then asked about the use of cell phones. Result: “our data suggest that the use of hand-held cellular phones is not associated with risk of brain cancer.
a) Is this an observational study or an experiment? Justify your answer.
Observational study. The researchers only matched the cancer patient with the same age,sex and race as the non-cancer patient, and asked about their habits. Basically, they just recorded what they see from cancer patients and non cancer patients. They didn’t have a control group and a testable group, so they are not experimental studies.
b) Based on this study would you conclude that cell phones do not increase the risk of brain cancer? Why or Why not?
NO, the observational study didn’t find any correlation, and they didn’t include other potential causes for brain cancer. Also their data are not randomized,
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2) What is the best way to answer each of the questions below: a survey, an experiment, or an observational study that is not a survey? Be prepared to explain BRIEFLY how such a study might be carried out.
a) Are people generally satisfied with how things are going with remote instruction at City College?
A survey by using different ratings and asking a list of questions about how things are going with
remote instruction at City College. Because the researchers didn’t know the satisfaction level of remote instruction so we cannot use observational study
b) Do college students learn AP Calculus better in a classroom or using an online course?
Observational by observing classroom and online course students’ grades/scores. Higher score means better. No treatments are needed to be assigned. Survey not applicable because opinions are hard to measure under two different settings (classroom vs online course). Also, there is no placebo in the study, so experimental study won’t be applicable.
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3) We have distinguished two types of data: categorical and quantitative. a) For each of the following variables, indicate whether the variable is categorical or quantitative. (i) Importance of religion to respondent (very, somewhat,or not very important). categorical
(ii) Hours of sleep last night. quantitative
(iii) Weights of adult women, measured in pounds. quantitative
(iv) Favorite color for an automobile.
categorical
b) Give at least 2 ways to display categorical data graphically, and 2 ways to display numerical data graphically
Categorical data: pie chart, bar chart, frequency table, scatter plot Numerical data: histogram, box plot, dot plot
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