1 - Rhythm Part I
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Mathematics
Date
Feb 20, 2024
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31
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Introduction
Video not printed.
Rhythm is the aspect of music relating to time—when musical events happen (notes and other
sounds) in relation to other musical events. In this lesson, we will examine the fundamentals of
rhythm and the important role it plays in music.
Objectives
By the end of this lesson, you will be able to:
define meter, pulse, 4/4 time signature, quarter notes, measures, regular bar lines, and final
bar lines
distinguish between whole, half, and quarter notes, and rests
demonstrate correct placement of measures and bar lines
define 5/4, 4/4, 3/4, and 2/4 meter signatures
explain the concept of shifting meters
write correct rhythmic notation using whole, half, quarter notes, and rests
Recommended Reading
Reading assignments from the book, Berklee Music Theory
(Book 1), will be recommended
throughout the lesson.
Timeline for Lesson 1
Meet and Greet—Due Monday
Discussion 1.1: 2, 3, 4, and 5 Pulse Words—Due Wednesday
Discussion 1.2: Setting Words to Music—Due Thursday
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Assignment 1.1: Rhythmic Notation 1—Due Thursday
Assignment 1.2: Rhythmic Notation 2—Due Friday
Quiz 1.1: General Knowledge—Due Saturday
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Meet and Greet
(Due 11:59PM EST)
Let's get to know each other by posting your answers to the following questions:
1. What is your name and where do you live?
2. What are your career goals?
3. What do you hope to learn by taking this course?
4. What else would you like to share with the class?
If you have a webcam and microphone, record a video message with your responses.
A Note on Participation
Berklee Online courses provide a collaborative environment for
learning, and we encourage all our students to learn as much from each
other as they do from the course itself.
You can do so by commenting on each other's
discussion
responses within the course flow,
starting your own conversations
on related
topics, reaching out to classmates directly via
one-to-one
or group messaging
, or starting
group web chat sessions
about specific
topics in the course.
In addition, each week you'll have a chance to interact with the course
instructor via a scheduled weekly live chat
. These chat sessions are a
very valuable aspect of this course and while attendance is not
mandatory, we do expect you to attend—unless you are working or
otherwise unavailable. If you are unable to attend a particular chat
session be sure to, at least, review the chat recordings.
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Participate in Discussion!
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Pulse
A regular pulse is fundamental to music. Click the play button below to hear an example.
Video not printed.
Four Pulse
In music, some pulses or
beats
are emphasized more than others.
Say the word "
alligator
." Notice that "al" has the strongest emphasis. The strongest beat is beat 1
("al") and is called the downbeat. Beat 3 ("ga") is also considered a strong beat, although not as
strong as beat 1.
Say "alligator" over and over, keeping the beat regular and on each syllable. Notice how the beats
are grouped into sets of four.
Click the play button below to hear the example.
Video not printed.
Three Pulse
Say "crocodile" over and over. Here, the beats are grouped into sets of three
. The downbeat is on
the syllable "croc."
Video not printed.
Two Pulse
Next say "lizard" over and over. What do you notice? Yes, "lizard" has 2 beats. The downbeat is on
the syllable "liz."
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Discussion 1.1: 2, 3, 4, and 5 Pulse Words
(Due Jan 10)
What are some other examples of 2, 3, or 4 pulse words? What about a 5 pulse word? Which
syllable has the downbeat? Post your findings below. Note that the accent doesn't have to fall on
the first syllable, and words should be written like so: a-MER-i-ca, with hyphens between syllables
and capital letters to show which syllable gets the accent.
Now that we know what beats are, we'll next learn how they are grouped.
Participate in Discussion!
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Meter
When beats are grouped together, the pulse is said to be in meter
. Most music has a regular
underlying meter. Each group of beats is called a
measure
or bar
.
In music notation, meter is indicated by a time signature
. A time signature usually has two
numbers, one above the other.
The top
number indicates how many beats are in each measure. For example:
In this time signature,
, there are four
beats per measure.
In this time signature, , there are three beats per measure.
In this time signature, , there are two beats per measure.
We will look at the time signatures of 2/4, 3/4 and 5/4 more thoroughly in the next lesson, Rhythm
Part II.
For now, let's focus on the 4/4 time signature, or as it is also called, common time (C) .
Bar lines separate measures, and the music ends with a
final bar line
--a thin and thick line.
Mouse over the terms below to learn more.
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the supplemental materials for this element if you are unable to use it directly in the BOCCE
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Exercise: Meter
How many measures (groups of four beats?) do you hear? Mouse over each example
to listen and then drap on drop it onto the correct box.
Next, try this exercise to continue practicing meter. Choose the correct time signature for various
words.
For more practice with pulse and meter, you can read lesson 1 of Paul
Schmeling's book Berklee Music Theory (Book 1).
Let's continue by learning how beats are grouped.
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Notes
Notes are the building blocks of music. They can last for any number of beats—we will refer to this
as the note's duration or value
. Each note value represents a rhythmic attack
. Let's begin by
looking at three common types of note values: whole, half, and quarter notes.
Whole Notes
Whole notes last for a whole measure in common time, which is four beats. The symbol
for a whole note is an open notehead.
In the example below, the piano plays whole notes and the drum plays every beat. Listen carefully
to hear both instruments.
Click the Play button to begin.
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the supplemental materials for this element if you are unable to use it directly in the BOCCE
environment.
Half Notes
Half notes last for half as long as whole notes: 2 beats. Their symbol is an open notehead
with a vertical line called a stem
.
In the example below, the piano plays half notes and the drum plays every beat. Listen
carefully to hear both instruments.
Click the Play button to begin.
Interactive element not printed. Don't hesitate to get in touch with your professor to receive
the supplemental materials for this element if you are unable to use it directly in the BOCCE
environment.
Quarter Notes
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Quarter notes last for a quarter of a whole note: one beat. Their symbol is a closed
notehead with a stem.
In the example below, the piano and the drum play quarter notes, that is, every beat
together. Listen carefully to hear both instruments.
Click the Play button to begin.
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the supplemental materials for this element if you are unable to use it directly in the BOCCE
environment.
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Exercise: Notes
Count the beats in each measure.
For more practice with notes, you can read lesson 2 of Paul Schmeling's
book Berklee Music Theory (Book 1).
Now, let's apply what we have seen so far.
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Rests
The Sound of Silence
Each note value has a corresponding rest symbol, which indicates silence
for that value. Let's
begin by looking at three types of rests: whole, half, and quarter rests.
Whole Rests
Whole rests are small, solid rectangles that hang down from a staff line. They represent
four beats of silence. If the whole measure is silent, a whole rest is also used, regardless
of the time signature.
In the example below, the piano plays whole notes and is silent during the rests. The drum plays
every beat. Listen carefully to hear both instruments.
Click the play button to begin.
Interactive element not printed. Don't hesitate to get in touch with your professor to receive
the supplemental materials for this element if you are unable to use it directly in the BOCCE
environment.
Half Rests
Half rests are rectangles that lie on top of a staff line. They last for two beats.
In the example below, the piano plays half notes and is silent during the rests. The drum plays
every beat. Listen carefully to hear both instruments.
Click the play button to begin.
Interactive element not printed. Don't hesitate to get in touch with your professor to receive
the supplemental materials for this element if you are unable to use it directly in the BOCCE
environment.
Quarter Rests
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Quarter rests look like a sideways W with a thick middle. They last for one beat.
In the example below, the piano plays quarter notes and is silent during the rests. The drum
plays every beat. Listen carefully to hear both instruments.
Click the play button to begin.
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the supplemental materials for this element if you are unable to use it directly in the BOCCE
environment.
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Exercise: Rests
Count the note and rest values.
For more practice with rests, you can read lesson 3 of Paul Schmeling's
book Berklee Music Theory (Book 1).
Let's practice using rests.
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Drum Input
Palette
Exercise: Rhythmic Notation Practice
Follow these steps:
1. Download the exercise and open it in your notation software.
2. Complete the exercise according to the instructions provided.
3. Check your work with one of the following answer keys.
Download the exercise (Finale)
Download the exercise (MuseScore 3)
Download the answer key (Finale)
Download the answer key (PDF)
Note for Musescore users: In some of the rhythmic
notation templates we'll be using you'll have to
select the Drum Input Palette (located at the bottom
of the Musescore window) in order to input
additional notes after first selecting the Note Input
button.
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Exercise: Hearing the Pulse
The purpose of this exercise is to help you establish and maintain a steady pulse
(tempo) while listening to rhythms.
Each of the following eight examples will be preceded by a countoff (1, 2, 1, 2, 3, 4),
which will establish the placement and tempo of the pulse. Then, you will hear a repeated two-
measure rhythmic pattern made up of a varying number of quarter notes. Your job is to determine
on which beats each of these quarter-note attacks occur.
Listen to each example by mousing over the headphones icon and then match it to the correct
rhythm by dragging and dropping it onto the correct space.
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Other Time Signatures
5/4, 3/4, and 2/4 Time Signature
Most of this course focuses on the 4/4 time meter, where there are four quarter-note pulses per
measure. This is the most common meter in popular and jazz music.
Sometimes, you will see other meters too, such as 5/4, 3/4, and 2/4. Remember, the top number is
the number of pulses, and the bottom number is the duration of each pulse.
Click the play buttons below to hear examples.
5/4 Time Signature:
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the supplemental materials for this element if you are unable to use it directly in the BOCCE
environment.
3/4 Time Signature:
Interactive element not printed. Don't hesitate to get in touch with your professor to receive
the supplemental materials for this element if you are unable to use it directly in the BOCCE
environment.
2/4 Time Signature:
Interactive element not printed. Don't hesitate to get in touch with your professor to receive
the supplemental materials for this element if you are unable to use it directly in the BOCCE
environment.
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Meter Changes
Some music changes from one meter to another.
Interactive element not printed. Don't hesitate to get in touch with your professor to receive
the supplemental materials for this element if you are unable to use it directly in the BOCCE
environment.
For more practice with other time signatures, you can read lesson 9 of Paul
Schmeling's book Berklee Music Theory (Book 1).
View and example with the folk song "We Three Kings."
Video not printed.
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Discussion 1.2: Setting Words to Music
(Due Jan 11)
Think about setting these words to music: “Yesterday is history; tomorrow a mystery.” Which
syllables should be stressed? What meter would they best fit into? How many measures would be
required?
Participate in Discussion!
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Assignment 1.1: Rhythmic Notation 1
(Due Jan 11)
Follow these instructions:
1. Download the assignment file to your computer and open it with your notation software.
2. Complete the assignment based on the instructions provided in the file.
3. Once you have completed your work, save the file as a PDF (e.g. Yourlastname1_1.pdf) and
post it.
Download the assignment (Finale)
Download the assignment (MuseScore)
If you are new to Finale or MuseScore, tutorials can be accessed at their websites:
Finale Tutorials
MuseScore Tutorials
Note for Musescore users: In some of the
rhythmic notation templates we'll be using you'll
have to select the Drum Input Palette (located at
the bottom of the Musescore window) in order to
input additional notes after first selecting the Note Input button.
Submissions:
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Ignatius Chen-Hs…
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Drum Input
Palette
Assignment 1.2: Rhythmic Notation 2
(Due Jan 12)
Follow these instructions:
1. Download the assignment file to your computer and open it with your notation software.
2. Complete the assignment based on the instructions provided in the file.
3. Once you have completed your work, save the file as a PDF (e.g. Yourlastname1_2.pdf) and
post it.
Download the assignment (Finale)
Download the assignment (MuseScore)
Note for Musescore users: In some of the rhythmic
notation templates we'll be using you'll have to
select the Drum Input Palette (located at the bottom
of the Musescore window) in order to input
additional notes after first selecting the Note Input
button.
Submissions:
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Quiz 1.1: General Knowledge
(Due Jan 13)
Question 1
In music, some beats are emphasized more than others. The strongest
beat is called the
A
downbeat
B
meter
C
pulse
D
alligator
Check Answer
Question 2
In the time signature 4/4, there are _______ beats per measure.
A
1
B
2
C
3
D
4
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Check Answer
Question 3
Common Time (C) refers to the time signature of:
A
2/4
B
3/4
C
4/4
D
5/4
Check Answer
Question 4
When beats are grouped together, the pulse is said to be in:
A
sync
B
meter
C
beat
D
common time
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Check Answer
Question 5
Each group of beats is called a:
A
measure
B
bar
C
measure or bar
D
none of the above
Check Answer
Question 6
A whole note lasts for ______ beats.
A
all
B
4
C
3
D
2
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Check Answer
Question 7
Their symbol is a closed notehead with a stem.
A
quarter rest
B
whole note
C
half note
D
quarter note
Check Answer
Question 8
If the entire measure is silent, a __________ is also used, regardless of the
time signature.
A
quarter rest
B
whole note
C
half rest
D
whole rest
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Check Answer
Finish Quiz
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Recap
Congratulations! You have completed the first lesson, Rhythm Part 1.
This week's lesson introduced you to the fundamentals of rhythm in music.
Specifically, you should now know how to
define meter, pulse, 4/4 time signature, quarter notes, measures, regular bar lines, and final
bar lines
distinguish between whole, half, and quarter notes, and rests
demonstrate correct placement of measures and bar lines
define 5/4, 4/4, 3/4, and 2/4 meter signatures
explain the concept of shifting meters
write correct rhythmic notation using whole, half, quarter notes, and rests
Next week, we will delve more deeply into concepts of rhythm in Lesson 2: Rhythm Part II
. Make
sure you have completed all activities in this lesson before continuing.
Good Work!
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NEXT LESSON
THIS LESSON WILL OPEN ON JAN 13TH
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